Textorah

Joshua 10

1
וַיְהִי כִשְׁמֹעַ אֲדֹנִי־צֶדֶק מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם כִּי־לָכַד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת־הָעַי וַיַּחֲרִימָהּ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לִירִיחוֹ וּלְמַלְכָּהּ כֵּן־עָשָׂה לָעַי וּלְמַלְכָּהּ וְכִי הִשְׁלִימוּ יֹשְׁבֵי גִבְעוֹן אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּהְיוּ בְּקִרְבָּם
Now it came to pass, when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken Ai, and had utterly destroyed it; as he had done to Jericho and her king, so he had done to Ai and her king; and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made peace with Israel, and were among them;
Ὡς δὲ ἤκουσεν Ἀδωνιβεζέκ βασιλεὺς Ἱερουσαλὴμ ὅτι ἔλαβεν Ἰησοῦς τὴν Γαὶ, καὶ ἐξωλόθρευσεν αὐτὴν, ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν τὴν Ἱεριχὼ καὶ τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς, οὕτως ἐποίησαν καὶ τὴν Γαὶ καὶ τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς, καὶ ὅτι ηὐτομόλησαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες Γαβαὼν πρὸς Ἰησοῦν καὶ πρὸς Ἰσραὴλ,
And when Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem heard that Joshua had taken Ai, and had destroyed it, as he did to Jericho and its king, even so they did to Ai and its king, and that the inhabitants of Gibeon had gone over to Joshua and Israel;
2
וַיִּירְאוּ מְאֹד כִּי עִיר גְּדוֹלָה גִּבְעוֹן כְּאַחַת עָרֵי הַמַּמְלָכָה וְכִי הִיא גְדוֹלָה מִן־הָעַי וְכָל־אֲנָשֶׁיהָ גִּבֹּרִים
that they feared greatly, because Gibeon was a great city, as one of the royal cities, and because it was greater than Ai, and all the men thereof were mighty.
καὶ ἐφοβήθησαν ἀπʼ αὐτῶν σφόδρα· ᾔδει γὰρ ὅτι πόλις μεγάλη Γαβαὼν, ὡσεὶ μία τῶν μητροπόλεων, καὶ πάντες οἱ ἄνδρες αὐτῆς ἰσχυροί.
then they were greatly terrified by them, for [the king] knew that Gibeon [was] a great city, as one of the chief cities, and all its men [were] mighty.
3
וַיִּשְׁלַח אֲדֹנִי־צֶדֶק מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם אֶל־הוֹהָם מֶלֶךְ־חֶבְרוֹן וְאֶל־פִּרְאָם מֶלֶךְ־יַרְמוּת וְאֶל־יָפִיעַ מֶלֶךְ־לָכִישׁ וְאֶל־דְּבִיר מֶלֶךְ־עֶגְלוֹן לֵאמֹר
Wherefore Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent unto Hoham king of Hebron, and unto Piram king of Jarmuth, and unto Japhia king of Lachish, and unto Debir king of Eglon, saying:
Καὶ ἀπέστειλεν Ἀδωνιβεζὲκ βασιλεὺς Ἰερουσαλὴμ πρὸς Ἐλὰμ βασιλέα Χεβρὼν, καὶ πρὸς Φιδὼν βασιλέα Ἱερειμοὺθ, καὶ πρὸς Ἰεφθα βασιλέα Λαχὶς καὶ πρὸς Δαβεὶν βασιλέα Ὀδολλὰμ, λέγων,
So Adoni-zedek king of Jerusalem sent to Elam king of Hebron, and to Piram king of Jarmuth, and to Japhia king of Lachish, and to Debir king of Adullam, saying,
4
עֲלוּ־אֵלַי וְעִזְרֻנִי וְנַכֶּה אֶת־גִּבְעוֹן כִּי־הִשְׁלִימָה אֶת־יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְאֶת־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל
'Come up unto me, and help me, and let us smite Gibeon; for it hath made peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel.'
δεῦτε, ἀνάβητε πρός με, καὶ βοηθήσατέ μοι, καὶ ἐκπολεμήσωμεν Γαβαών· ηὐτομόλησαν γὰρ πρὸς Ἰησοῦν καὶ πρὸς τοὺς υἱοὺς Ἰσραήλ.
Come up hither to me, and help me, and let us take Gibeon; for the Gibeonites have gone over to Joshua and to the children of Israel.
5
וַיֵּאָסְפוּ וַיַּעֲלוּ חֲמֵשֶׁת מַלְכֵי הָאֱמֹרִי מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם מֶלֶךְ־חֶבְרוֹן מֶלֶךְ־יַרְמוּת מֶלֶךְ־לָכִישׁ מֶלֶךְ־עֶגְלוֹן הֵם וְכָל־מַחֲנֵיהֶם וַיַּחֲנוּ עַל־גִּבְעוֹן וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ עָלֶיהָ
Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, gathered themselves together, and went up, they and all their hosts, and encamped against Gibeon, and made war against it.
Καὶ ἀνέβησαν οἱ πέντε βασιλεῖς τῶν Ἰεβουσαίων, βασιλεὺς Ἱερουσαλὴμ, καὶ βασιλεὺς Χεβρὼν, καὶ βασιλεὺς Ἱεριμοὺθ, καὶ βασιλεὺς Λαχὶς, καὶ βασιλεὺς Ὀδολλάμ, αὐτοὶ καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς αὐτῶν. καὶ περιεκάθισαν τὴν Γαβαὼν, καὶ ἐξεπολιόρκουν αὐτήν.
And the five kings of the Jebusites went up, the king of Jerusalem, and the king of Hebron, and the king of Jarmuth, and the king of Lachish, and the king of Adullam, they and all their people; and encamped around Gibeon, and besieged it.
6
וַיִּשְׁלְחוּ אַנְשֵׁי גִבְעוֹן אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל־הַמַּחֲנֶה הַגִּלְגָּלָה לֵאמֹר אַל־תֶּרֶף יָדֶיךָ מֵעֲבָדֶיךָ עֲלֵה אֵלֵינוּ מְהֵרָה וְהוֹשִׁיעָה לָּנוּ וְעָזְרֵנוּ כִּי נִקְבְּצוּ אֵלֵינוּ כָּל־מַלְכֵי הָאֱמֹרִי יֹשְׁבֵי הָהָר
And the men of Gibeon sent unto Joshua to the camp to Gilgal, saying: 'Slack not thy hands from thy servants; come up to us quickly, and save us, and help us; for all the kings of the Amorites that dwell in the hill-country are gathered together against us.'
Καὶ ἀπέστειλαν οἱ κατοικοῦντες Γαβαὼν πρὸς Ἰησοῦν εἰς τὴν παρεμβολὴν Ἰσραὴλ εἰς Γάλγαλα, λέγοντες, μὴ ἐκλύσῃς τὰς χεῖράς σου ἀπὸ τῶν παίδων σου· ἀνάβηθι πρὸς ἡμᾶς, τοτάχος, και βοήθησον ἡμῖν, καὶ ἐξελοῦ ἡμᾶς· ὅτι συνηγμένοι εἰσὶν ἐφʼ ἡμᾶς πάντες οἱ βασιλεῖς τῶν Ἀμοῤῥαίων, οἱ κατοικοῦντες τὴν ὀρεινὴν.
And the inhabitants of Gibeon sent to Joshua into the camp to Gilgal, saying, Slack not thy hands from thy servants: come up quickly to us, and help us, and rescue us; for all the kings of the Amorites who dwell in the hill country are gathered together against us.
7
וַיַּעַל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִן־הַגִּלְגָּל הוּא וְכָל־עַם הַמִּלְחָמָה עִמּוֹ וְכֹל גִּבּוֹרֵי הֶחָיִל
So Joshua went up from Gilgal, he, and all the people of war with him, and all the mighty men of valour.
Καὶ ἀνέβη Ἰησοῦς ἐκ Γαλγάλων, αὐτὸς καὶ πᾶς ὁ λαὸς ὁ πολεμιστὴς μετʼ αὐτοῦ, πᾶς δυνατὸς ἐν ἰσχύϊ.
And Joshua went up from Gilgal, he and all the people of war with him, every one mighty in strength.
8
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַל־תִּירָא מֵהֶם כִּי בְיָדְךָ נְתַתִּים לֹא־יַעֲמֹד אִישׁ מֵהֶם בְּפָנֶיךָ
And HaShem said unto Joshua: 'Fear them not; for I have delivered them into thy hand; there shall not a man of them stand against thee.'
Καὶ εἶπε Κύριος πρὸς Ἰησοῦν, μὴ φοβηθῇς αὐτούς, εἰς γὰρ τὰς χεῖράς σου παραδέδωκα αὐτούς· οὐχ ὑπολειφθήσεται ἐξ αὐτῶν οὐδεὶς ἐνώπιον ὑμῶν.
And the Lord said to Joshua, Fear them not, for I have delivered them into thy hands; there shall not one of them be left before you.
9
וַיָּבֹא אֲלֵיהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פִּתְאֹם כָּל־הַלַּיְלָה עָלָה מִן־הַגִּלְגָּל
Joshua therefore came upon them suddenly; for he went up from Gilgal all the night.
Καὶ ἐπεὶ παρεγένετο Ἰησοῦς ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς ἄφνω, ὅλην τὴν νύκτα εἰσεπορεύθη ἐκ Γαλγάλων.
And when Joshua came suddenly upon them, he [had] advanced all the night out of Gilgal.
10
וַיְהֻמֵּם יְהוָה לִפְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיַּכֵּם מַכָּה־גְדוֹלָה בְּגִבְעוֹן וַיִּרְדְּפֵם דֶּרֶךְ מַעֲלֵה בֵית־חוֹרֹן וַיַּכֵּם עַד־עֲזֵקָה וְעַד־מַקֵּדָה
And HaShem discomfited them before Israel, and slew them with a great slaughter at Gibeon; and they chased them by the way of the ascent of Beth-horon, and smote them to Azekah, and unto Makkedah.
Καὶ ἐξέστησεν αὐτοὺς Κύριος ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ· καὶ συνέτριψεν αὐτοὺς Κύριος συντρίψει μεγάλῃ ἐν Γαβαών· καὶ κατεδίωξαν αὐτοὺς ὁδὸν ἀναβάσεως Ὠρωνείν, καὶ κατέκοπτον αὐτοὺς ἕως Ἀζηκὰ καὶ ἕως Μακηδά.
And the Lord struck them with terror before the children of Israel; and the Lord destroyed them with a great slaughter at Gibeon; and they pursued them by the way of the going up of Horon, and they smote them to Azekah and to Makkedah.
11
וַיְהִי בְּנֻסָם מִפְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הֵם בְּמוֹרַד בֵּית־חוֹרֹן וַיהוָה הִשְׁלִיךְ עֲלֵיהֶם אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת מִן־הַשָּׁמַיִם עַד־עֲזֵקָה וַיָּמֻתוּ רַבִּים אֲשֶׁר־מֵתוּ בְּאַבְנֵי הַבָּרָד מֵאֲשֶׁר הָרְגוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בֶּחָרֶב
And it came to pass, as they fled from before Israel, while they were at the descent of Beth-horon, that HaShem cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto Azekah, and they died; they were more who died with the hailstones than they whom the children of Israel slew with the sword.
Ἐν δὲ τῷ φεύγειν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ προσώπου τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπὶ τὴς καταβάσεως Ὡρωνεὶν, καὶ Κύριος ἐπέῤῥιψεν αὐτοῖς λίθους χαλάζης ἐκ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἕως Ἀζηκά· καὶ ἐγένοντο πλείους οἱ ἀποθανόντες διὰ τοὺς λίθους τῆς χαλάζης, ἢ οὓς ἀπέκτειναν οἱ υἱοὶ Ἰσραὴλ μαχαίρᾳ ἐν τῷ πολέμῳ.
And when they fled from the face of the children of Israel at the descent of Horon, then the Lord cast upon them hailstones from heaven to Azekah; and they were more that died by the hailstones, than those whom the children of Israel slew with the sword in the battle.
12
אָז יְדַבֵּר יְהוֹשֻׁעָ לַיהוָה בְּיוֹם תֵּת יְהוָה אֶת־הָאֱמֹרִי לִפְנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר לְעֵינֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁמֶשׁ בְּגִבְעוֹן דּוֹם וְיָרֵחַ בְּעֵמֶק אַיָּלוֹן
Then spoke Joshua to HaShem in the day when HaShem delivered up the Amorites before the children of Israel; and he said in the sight of Israel: 'Sun, stand thou still upon Gibeon; and thou, Moon, in the valley of Aijalon.'
Τότε ἐλάλησεν Ἰησοῦς πρὸς Κύριον, ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ παρέδωκεν ὁ Θεὸς τὸν Ἀμοῤῥαῖον ὑποχείριον Ἰσραὴλ, ἡνίκα συνέτριψεν αὐτοὺς ἐν Γαβαὼν, καὶ συνετρίβησαν ἀπὸ προσώπου υἱῶν Ἰσραήλ· καὶ εἶπεν Ἰησοῦς, στήτω ὁ ἥλιος κατὰ Γαβαὼν, καὶ ἡ σελήνη κατὰ φάραγγα Αἰλών.
Then Joshua spoke to the Lord, in the day in which the Lord delivered the Amorite into the power of Israel, when he destroyed them in Gibeon, and they were destroyed from before the children of Israel: and Joshua said, Let the sun stand over against Gibeon, And the moon over against the Valley of Aijalon.
13
וַיִּדֹּם הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וְיָרֵחַ עָמָד עַד־יִקֹּם גּוֹי אֹיְבָיו הֲלֹא־הִיא כְתוּבָה עַל־סֵפֶר הַיָּשָׁר וַיַּעֲמֹד הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בַּחֲצִי הַשָּׁמַיִם וְלֹא־אָץ לָבוֹא כְּיוֹם תָּמִים
And the sun stood still, and the moon stayed, until the nation had avenged themselves of their enemies. Is not this written in the book of Jashar? And the sun stayed in the midst of heaven, and hasted not to go down about a whole day.
Καὶ ἔστη ὁ ἥλιος καὶ ἡ σελήνη ἐν στάσει, ἕως ἠμύνατο ὁ Θεὸς τοὺς ἐχθροὺς αὐτῶν· καὶ ἔστη ὁ ἥλιος κατὰ μέσον τοῦ οὐρανοῦ· οὐ προεπορεύετο εἰς δυσμὰς εἰς τέλος ἡμέρας μιᾶς.
And the sun and the moon stood still, Until God executed vengeance on their enemies; and the sun stood still in the midst of heaven; it did not proceed to set till the end of one day.
14
וְלֹא הָיָה כַּיּוֹם הַהוּא לְפָנָיו וְאַחֲרָיו לִשְׁמֹעַ יְהוָה בְּקוֹל אִישׁ כִּי יְהוָה נִלְחָם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל
And there was no day like that before it or after it, that HaShem hearkened unto the voice of a man; for HaShem fought for Israel.
Καὶ οὐκ ἐγένετο ἡμέρα τοιαύτη οὐδὲ τὸ πρότερον οὐδὲ τὸ ἔσχατον, ὥστε ἐπακοῦσαι Θεὸν ἀνθρώπου, ὅτι Κύριος συνεξεπολέμησε τῷ Ἰσραήλ.
And there was not such a day either before or after, so that God should hearken to a man, because the Lord fought on the side of Israel.
15
וַיָּשָׁב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ אֶל־הַמַּחֲנֶה הַגִּלְגָּלָה
And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal.
16
וַיָּנֻסוּ חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיֵּחָבְאוּ בַמְּעָרָה בְּמַקֵּדָה
And these five kings fled, and hid themselves in the cave at Makkedah.
Καὶ ἔφυγον οἱ πέντε βασιλεῖς οὗτοι, καὶ κατεκρύβησαν εἰς τὸ σπήλαιον τὸ ἐν Μακηδά.
And these five kings fled, and hid themselves in a cave that is in Makkedah.
17
וַיֻּגַּד לִיהוֹשֻׁעַ לֵאמֹר נִמְצְאוּ חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים נֶחְבְּאִים בַּמְּעָרָה בְּמַקֵּדָה
And it was told Joshua, saying: 'The five kings are found, hidden in the cave at Makkedah.'
Καὶ ἀπηγγέλη τῷ Ἰησοῦ, λέγοντες, εὕρηνται οἱ πέντε βασιλεῖς κεκρυμμένοι ἐν τῷ σπηλαίῳ τῷ ἐν Μακηδά.
And it was told Joshua, saying, The five kings have been found hidden in the cave that is in Makkedah.
18
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ גֹּלּוּ אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת אֶל־פִּי הַמְּעָרָה וְהַפְקִידוּ עָלֶיהָ אֲנָשִׁים לְשָׁמְרָם
And Joshua said: 'Roll great stones unto the mouth of the cave, and set men by it to keep them;
Καὶ εἶπεν Ἰησοῦς, κυλίσατε λίθους ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα τοῦ σπηλαίου, καὶ καταστήσατε ἄνδρας φυλάσσειν ἐπʼ αὐτούς.
And Joshua said, Roll stones to the mouth of the cave, and set men to watch over them.
19
וְאַתֶּם אַל־תַּעֲמֹדוּ רִדְפוּ אַחֲרֵי אֹיְבֵיכֶם וְזִנַּבְתֶּם אוֹתָם אַל־תִּתְּנוּם לָבוֹא אֶל־עָרֵיהֶם כִּי נְתָנָם יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵיכֶם בְּיֶדְכֶם
but stay not ye; pursue after your enemies, and smite the hindmost of them; suffer them not to enter into their cities; for HaShem your G-d hath delivered them into your hand.'
Ὑμεῖς δὲ μὴ ἑστήκατε, καταδιώκοντες ὀπίσω τῶν ἐχθρῶν ὑμῶν, καὶ καταλάβετε τὴν οὐραγίαν αὐτῶν, καὶ μὴ ἀφῆτε εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὰς πόλεις αὐτῶν· παρέδωκε γὰρ αὐτοὺς Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἡμῶν.
But do not ye stand, but pursue after your enemies, and attack the rear of them, and do not suffer them to enter into their cities; for the Lord our God has delivered them into our hands.
20
וַיְהִי כְּכַלּוֹת יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְהַכּוֹתָם מַכָּה גְדוֹלָה־מְאֹד עַד־תֻּמָּם וְהַשְּׂרִידִים שָׂרְדוּ מֵהֶם וַיָּבֹאוּ אֶל־עָרֵי הַמִּבְצָר
And it came to pass, when Joshua and the children of Israel had made an end of slaying them with a very great slaughter, till they were consumed, and the remnant which remained of them had entered into the fortified cities,
Καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς κατέπαυσεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς υἱὸς Ἰσραὴλ κόπτοντες αὐτοὺς κοπὴν μεγάλην σφόδρα ἕως εἰς τέλος, καὶ οἱ διασωζόμενοι διεσώθησαν εἰς τὰς πόλεις τὰς ὀχυράς.
And it came to pass when Joshua and all Israel ceased destroying them utterly with a very great slaughter, that they that escaped took refuge in the strong cities.
21
וַיָּשֻׁבוּ כָל־הָעָם אֶל־הַמַּחֲנֶה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מַקֵּדָה בְּשָׁלוֹם לֹא־חָרַץ לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְאִישׁ אֶת־לְשֹׁנוֹ
that all the people returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in peace; none whetted his tongue against any of the children of Israel.
Καὶ ἀπεστράφη πᾶς ὁ λαὸς πρὸς Ἰησοῦν εἰς Μακηδὰ ὑγιεῖς· καὶ οὐκ ἔγρυξεν οὐδεὶς τῶν υἱῶν Ἰηραὴλ τῇ γλώσσῃ αὐτοῦ.
And all the people returned safe to Joshua to Makkedah; and no one of the children of Israel murmured with his tongue.
22
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פִּתְחוּ אֶת־פִּי הַמְּעָרָה וְהוֹצִיאוּ אֵלַי אֶת־חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה מִן־הַמְּעָרָה
Then said Joshua: 'Open the mouth of the cave, and bring forth those five kings unto me out of the cave.'
Καὶ εἶπεν Ἰησοῦς, ἀνοίξατε τὸ σπήλαιον, καὶ ἐξαγάγετε τοὺς πέντε βασιλεῖς τούτους ἐκ τοῦ σπηλαίου.
And Joshua said, Open the cave, and bring out these five kings out of the cave.
23
וַיַּעֲשׂוּ כֵן וַיֹּצִיאוּ אֵלָיו אֶת־חֲמֵשֶׁת הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה מִן־הַמְּעָרָה אֵת מֶלֶךְ יְרוּשָׁלִַם אֶת־מֶלֶךְ חֶבְרוֹן אֶת־מֶלֶךְ יַרְמוּת אֶת־מֶלֶךְ לָכִישׁ אֶת־מֶלֶךְ עֶגְלוֹן
And they did so, and brought forth those five kings unto him out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon.
Καὶ ἐξηγάγοσαν τοὺς πέντε βασιλεῖς ἐκ τοῦ σπηλαίου, τὸν βασιλέα Ἱερουσαλὴμ, καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Χεβρὼν, καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Ἱεριμοὺθ, καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Λαχὶς, καὶ τὸν βασιλέα Ὀδολλάμ.
And they brought out the five kings out of the cave, the king of Jerusalem, and the king of Hebron, and the king of Jarmuth, and the king of Lachish, and the king of Adullam.
24
וַיְהִי כְּהוֹצִיאָם אֶת־הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה אֶל־יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וַיִּקְרָא יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶל־כָּל־אִישׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיֹּאמֶר אֶל־קְצִינֵי אַנְשֵׁי הַמִּלְחָמָה הֶהָלְכוּא אִתּוֹ קִרְבוּ שִׂימוּ אֶת־רַגְלֵיכֶם עַל־צַוְּארֵי הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה וַיִּקְרְבוּ וַיָּשִׂימוּ אֶת־רַגְלֵיהֶם עַל־צַוְּארֵיהֶם
And it came to pass, when they brought forth those kings unto Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel, and said unto the chiefs of the men of war that went with him: 'Come near, put your feet upon the necks of these kings.' And they came near, and put their feet upon the necks of them.
Καὶ ἐπεὶ ἐξήγαγον αὐτοὺς πρὸς Ἰησοῦν, καὶ συνεκάλεσεν Ἰησοῦς πάντα Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ τοὺς ἐναρχομένους τοῦ πολέμου τοὺς συμπορευομένους αὐτῷ, λέγων αὐτοῖς, προπορεύεσθε καὶ ἐπίθετε τοὺς πόδας ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τοὺς τραχήλους αὐτῶν· καὶ προσελθόντες ἐπέθηκαν τοὺς πόδας αὐτῶν ἐπὶ τοὺς τραχήλους αὐτῶν.
And when they brought them out to Joshua, then Joshua called together all Israel, and the chiefs of the army that went with him, saying to them, Come forward and set your feet on their necks; and they came and set their feet on their necks.
25
וַיֹּאמֶר אֲלֵיהֶם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַל־תִּירְאוּ וְאַל־תֵּחָתּוּ חִזְקוּ וְאִמְצוּ כִּי כָכָה יַעֲשֶׂה יְהוָה לְכָל־אֹיְבֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר אַתֶּם נִלְחָמִים אוֹתָם
And Joshua said unto them: 'Fear not, nor be dismayed; be strong and of good courage; for thus shall HaShem do to all your enemies against whom ye fight.'
Καὶ εἶπεν Ἰησοῦς πρὸς αὐτοὺς, μὴ φοβηθῆτε αὐτοὺς, μηδὲ δειλιάσητε, ἀνδρίζεσθε καὶ ἰσχύετε, ὅτι οὕτω ποιήσει Κύριος πᾶσι τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ὑμῶν, οὓς ὑμεῖς καταπολεμεῖτε αὐτούς.
And Joshua said to them, Do not fear them, neither be cowardly; be courageous and strong, for thus the Lord will do to all your enemies, against whom ye fight.
26
וַיַּכֵּם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אַחֲרֵי־כֵן וַיְמִיתֵם וַיִּתְלֵם עַל חֲמִשָּׁה עֵצִים וַיִּהְיוּ תְּלוּיִם עַל־הָעֵצִים עַד־הָעָרֶב
And afterward Joshua smote them, and put them to death, and hanged them on five trees; and they were hanging upon the trees until the evening.
Καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτοὺς Ἰησοῦς, καὶ ἐκρέμασεν αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ πέντε ξύλων· καὶ ἦσαν κρεμάμενοι ἐπὶ τῶν ξύλων ἕως ἑσπέρας.
And Joshua slew them, and hanged them on five trees; and they hung upon the trees until the evening.
27
וַיְהִי לְעֵת בּוֹא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ צִוָּה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וַיֹּרִידוּם מֵעַל הָעֵצִים וַיַּשְׁלִכֻם אֶל־הַמְּעָרָה אֲשֶׁר נֶחְבְּאוּ־שָׁם וַיָּשִׂמוּ אֲבָנִים גְּדֹלוֹת עַל־פִּי הַמְּעָרָה עַד־עֶצֶם הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה
And it came to pass at the time of the going down of the sun, that Joshua commanded, and they took them down off the trees, and cast them into the cave wherein they had hidden themselves, and laid great stones on the mouth of the cave, unto this very day.
Καὶ ἐγενήθη πρὸς ἡλίου δυσμὰς, ἐνετείλατο Ἰησοῦς, καὶ καθεῖλον αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τῶν ξύλων, καὶ ἔῤῥιψαν αὐτοὺς εἰς τὸ σπήλαιον, εἰς ὃ κατεφύγοσαν ἐκεῖ, καὶ ἐπεκύλισαν λίθους ἐπὶ τὸ σπήλαιον ἕως τῆς σήμερον ἡμέρας.
And it came to pass toward the setting of the sun, Joshua commanded, and they took them down from the trees, and cast them into the cave into which they [had] fled for refuge, and rolled stones to the cave, [which remain] till this day.
28
וְאֶת־מַקֵּדָה לָכַד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וַיַּכֶּהָ לְפִי־חֶרֶב וְאֶת־מַלְכָּהּ הֶחֱרִם אוֹתָם וְאֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּהּ לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד וַיַּעַשׂ לְמֶלֶךְ מַקֵּדָה כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְמֶלֶךְ יְרִיחוֹ
And Joshua took Makkedah on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof; he utterly destroyed them and all the souls that were therein, he left none remaining; and he did to the king of Makkedah as he had done unto the king of Jericho.
Καὶ τὴν Μακηδὰ ἐλάβοσαν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ, καὶ ἐφόνευσαν αὐτὴν ἐν στόματι ξίφους, καὶ ἐξωλόθρευσαν πᾶν ἐμπνέον ὃ ἦν ἐν αὐτῇ· καὶ οὐ κατελείφθη οὐδεὶς ἐν αὐτῇ διασεσωσμένος καὶ διαπεφευγώς· καὶ ἐποίησαν τῷ βασιλεῖ Μακηδὰ, ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν τῷ βασιλεῖ Ἱεριχώ.
And they took Makkedah on that day, and slew the inhabitants with the edge of the sword, and they utterly destroyed every living thing that was in it; and there was none left in it that was preserved and had escaped; and they did to the king of Makkedah, as they did to the king of Jericho.
29
וַיַּעֲבֹר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מִמַּקֵּדָה לִבְנָה וַיִּלָּחֶם עִם־לִבְנָה
And Joshua passed from Makkedah, and all Israel with him, unto Libnah, and fought against Libnah.
Καὶ ἀπῆλθεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ μετʼ αὐτοῦ ἐκ Μακηδὰ εἰς Λεβνὰ, καὶ ἐπολιόρκει Λεβνά.
And Joshua and all Israel with him departed out of Makkedah to Libnah, and besieged Libnah.
30
וַיִּתֵּן יְהוָה גַּם־אוֹתָהּ בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶת־מַלְכָּהּ וַיַּכֶּהָ לְפִי־חֶרֶב וְאֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּהּ לֹא־הִשְׁאִיר בָּהּ שָׂרִיד וַיַּעַשׂ לְמַלְכָּהּ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְמֶלֶךְ יְרִיחוֹ
And HaShem delivered it also, and the king thereof, into the hand of Israel; and he smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining in it; and he did unto the king thereof as he had done unto the king of Jericho.
Καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτὴν Κύριος εἰς χεῖρας Ἰσραήλ· καὶ ἔλαβον αὐτὴν, καὶ τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς, καὶ ἐφόνευσαν αὐτὴν ἐν στόματι ξίφους, καὶ πᾶν ἐμπνέον ἐν αὐτῇ· καὶ οὐ κατελείφθη ἐν αὐτῇ διασεσωσμένος καὶ διαπεφευγώς· καὶ ἐποίησαν τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῆς, ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν τῷ βασιλεῖ Ἱεριχώ.
And the Lord delivered it into the hands of Israel: and they took it, and its king, and slew the inhabitants with the edge of the sword, and everything breathing in it; and there was not left in it any that survived and escaped; and they did to its king, as they did to the king of Jericho.
31
וַיַּעֲבֹר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מִלִּבְנָה לָכִישָׁה וַיִּחַן עָלֶיהָ וַיִּלָּחֶם בָּהּ
And Joshua passed from Libnah, and all Israel with him, unto Lachish, and encamped against it, and fought against it.
Καὶ ἀπῆλθεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ μετʼ αὐτοῦ ἐκ Λεβνὰ εἰς Λαχὶς, καὶ περιεκάθισεν αὐτὴν, καὶ ἐπολιόρκει αὐτήν.
And Joshua and all Israel with him departed from Libnah to Lachish, and he encamped about it, and besieged it.
32
וַיִּתֵּן יְהוָה אֶת־לָכִישׁ בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּלְכְּדָהּ בַּיּוֹם הַשֵּׁנִי וַיַּכֶּהָ לְפִי־חֶרֶב וְאֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּהּ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה לְלִבְנָה
And HaShem delivered Lachish into the hand of Israel, and he took it on the second day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein, according to all that he had done to Libnah.
Καὶ παρέδωκε Κύριος τὴν Λαχὶς εἰς τὰς χεῖρας Ἰσραήλ. καὶ ἔλαβεν αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῇ δευτέρᾳ, καὶ ἐφόνευσαν αὐτὴν ἐν στόματι ξίφους, καὶ ἐξωλόθρευσαν αὐτὴν, ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν τὴν Λεβνά.
And the Lord delivered Lachish into the hands of Israel; and they took it on the second day, and they put the inhabitants to death with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed it, as they had done to Libnah.
33
אָז עָלָה הֹרָם מֶלֶךְ גֶּזֶר לַעְזֹר אֶת־לָכִישׁ וַיַּכֵּהוּ יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְאֶת־עַמּוֹ עַד־בִּלְתִּי הִשְׁאִיר־לוֹ שָׂרִיד
Then Horam king of Gezer came up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people, until he had left him none remaining.
Τότε ἀνέβη Ἐλὰμ βασιλεὺς Γαζὲρ βοηθήσων τῇ Λαχείς· καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὸν Ἰησοῦς ἐν στόματι ξίφους, καὶ τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ, ἕως τοῦ μὴ καταλειφθῆναι αὐτῶν σεσωσμένον καὶ διαπεφευγότα.
Then Elam the king of Gezer went up to help Lachish; and Joshua smote him and his people with the edge of the sword, until there was not left to him one that was preserved and escaped.
34
וַיַּעֲבֹר יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מִלָּכִישׁ עֶגְלֹנָה וַיַּחֲנוּ עָלֶיהָ וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ עָלֶיהָ
And Joshua passed from Lachish, and all Israel with him, unto Eglon; and they encamped against it, and fought against it.
Καὶ ἀπῆλθεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ μετʼ αὐτοῦ ἐκ Λαχὶς εἰς Ὀδολλὰμ, καὶ περιεκάθισεν αὐτὴν καὶ ἐξεπολιόρκησεν αὐτήν.
And Joshua and all Israel with him departed from Lachish to Adullam, and he besieged it and took it.
35
וַיִּלְכְּדוּהָ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא וַיַכּוּהָ לְפִי־חֶרֶב וְאֵת כָּל־הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּהּ בַּיּוֹם הַהוּא הֶחֱרִים כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה לְלָכִישׁ
And they took it on that day, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the souls that were therein he utterly destroyed that day, according to all that he had done to Lachish.
Καὶ παρέδωκεν αὐτὴν Κύριος ἐν χειρὶ Ἰσραήλ· καὶ ἔλαβεν αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ ἐκείνῃ, καὶ ἐφόνευσεν αὐτὴν ἐν στόματι ξίφους, καὶ πᾶν ἐμπνέον ἐν ἀτῇ ἐφόνευσαν, ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν τῇ Λαχίς.
And the Lord delivered it into the hand of Israel; and he took it on that day, and slew the inhabitants with the edge of the sword, and slew everything breathing in it, as they did to Lachish.
36
וַיַּעַל יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ מֵעֶגְלוֹנָה חֶבְרוֹנָה וַיִּלָּחֲמוּ עָלֶיהָ
And Joshua went up from Eglon, and all Israel with him, unto Hebron; and they fought against it.
Καὶ ἀπῆλθεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ μετʼ αὐτοῦ εἰς Χεβρὼν, καὶ περιεκάθισεν αὐτήν.
And Joshua and all Israel with him departed to Hebron, and encamped about it.
37
וַיִּלְכְּדוּהָ וַיַּכּוּהָ־לְפִי־חֶרֶב וְאֶת־מַלְכָּהּ וְאֶת־כָּל־עָרֶיהָ וְאֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּהּ לֹא־הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־עָשָׂה לְעֶגְלוֹן וַיַּחֲרֵם אוֹתָהּ וְאֶת־כָּל־הַנֶּפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּהּ
And they took it, and smote it with the edge of the sword, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof, and all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining, according to all that he had done to Eglon; but he utterly destroyed it, and all the souls that were therein.
Καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὴν ἐν στόματι ξίφους, καὶ πᾶν τὸ ἐμπνέον ὅσα ἦν ἐν αὐτῇ· οὐκ ἦν διασεσωσμένος· ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν τὴν Ὀδολλὰμ, ἐξωλόθρευσαν αὐτὴν, καὶ ὅσα ἦν ἐν αὐτῇ.
And he smote it with the edge of the sword, and all the living creatures that were in it; there was no one preserved: they destroyed it and all things in it, as they did to Adullam.
38
וַיָּשָׁב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ דְּבִרָה וַיִּלָּחֶם עָלֶיהָ
And Joshua turned back, and all Israel with him, to Debir; and fought against it.
Καὶ ἀπέστρεψεν Ἰησοῦς καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ εἰς Δαβίρ· καὶ περικαθίσαντες αὐτὴν,
And Joshua and all Israel returned to Debir; and they encamped about it;
39
וַיִּלְכְּדָהּ וְאֶת־מַלְכָּהּ וְאֶת־כָּל־עָרֶיהָ וַיַּכּוּם לְפִי־חֶרֶב וַיַּחֲרִימוּ אֶת־כָּל־נֶפֶשׁ אֲשֶׁר־בָּהּ לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְחֶבְרוֹן כֵּן־עָשָׂה לִדְבִרָה וּלְמַלְכָּהּ וְכַאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה לְלִבְנָה וּלְמַלְכָּהּ
And he took it, and the king thereof, and all the cities thereof; and they smote them with the edge of the sword, and utterly destroyed all the souls that were therein; he left none remaining; as he had done to Hebron, so he did to Debir, and to the king thereof; as he had done also to Libnah, and to the king thereof.
ἔλαβον αὐτὴν, καὶ τὸν βασιλέα αὐτῆς, καὶ τὰς κώμας αὐτῆς· καὶ ἐπάταξεν αὐτὴν ἐν στόματι ξίφους, καὶ ἐξωλόθρευσαν αὐτὴν, καὶ πᾶν ἐμπνέον ἐν αὐτῇ· καὶ οὐ κατέλιπον αὐτῇ οὐδένα διασεσωσμένον· ὃν τρόπον ἐποίησαν τῇ Χεβρὼν καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῆς, οὕτως ἐποίησαν τῇ Δαβὶρ καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῆς.
and they took it, and its king, and its villages: and he smote it with the edge of the sword, and they destroyed it, and everything breathing in it; and they did not leave in it anyone that was preserved: as they did to Hebron and her king, so they did to Debir and her king.
40
וַיַּכֶּה יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אֶת־כָּל־הָאָרֶץ הָהָר וְהַנֶּגֶב וְהַשְּׁפֵלָה וְהָאֲשֵׁדוֹת וְאֵת כָּל־מַלְכֵיהֶם לֹא הִשְׁאִיר שָׂרִיד וְאֵת כָּל־הַנְּשָׁמָה הֶחֱרִים כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוָּה יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל
So Joshua smote all the land, the hill-country, and the South, and the Lowland, and the slopes, and all their kings; he left none remaining; but he utterly destroyed all that breathed, as HaShem, the G-d of Israel, commanded.
Καὶ ἐπάταξεν Ἰησοῦς πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν τῆς ὀρεινῆς, καὶ τὴν Ναγὲβ, καὶ τὴν πεδινὴν, καὶ τὴν Ἀσηδὼθ, καὶ τοὺς βασιλεῖς αὐτῆς· οὐ κατέλιπον αὐτῶν σεσωσμένον· καὶ πᾶν ἐμπνέον ζωῆς ἐξωλόθρευσεν, ὃν τρόπον ἐνετείλατο Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσραὴλ,
And Joshua smote all the land of the hill country, and Negeb and the plain country, and Asedoth, and her kings, they did not leave of them one that was saved: and they utterly destroyed everything that had the breath of life, as the Lord God of Israel commanded,
41
וַיַּכֵּם יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִקָּדֵשׁ בַּרְנֵעַ וְעַד־עַזָּה וְאֵת כָּל־אֶרֶץ גֹּשֶׁן וְעַד־גִּבְעוֹן
And Joshua smote them from Kadesh-barnea even unto Gaza, and all the country of Goshen, even unto Gibeon.
ἀπὸ Κάδης Βαρνῆ ἕως Γάζης πᾶσαν τὴν Γοσὸμ ἕως τῆς Γαβαών.
from Kadesh-barnea to Gaza, all Goshen, as far as Gibeon.
42
וְאֵת כָּל־הַמְּלָכִים הָאֵלֶּה וְאֶת־אַרְצָם לָכַד יְהוֹשֻׁעַ פַּעַם אֶחָת כִּי יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל נִלְחָם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל
And all these kings and their land did Joshua take at one time, because HaShem, the G-d of Israel, fought for Israel.
Καὶ πάντας τοὺς βασιλεῖς αὐτῶν, καὶ τὴν γῆν αὐτῶν ἐπάταξεν Ἰησοῦς εἰσάπαξ· ὅτι Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσραὴλ συνεπολέμει τῷ Ἰσραήλ.
And Joshua smote, once for all, all their kings, and their land, because the Lord God of Israel fought on the side of Israel.
43
וַיָּשָׁב יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עִמּוֹ אֶל־הַמַּחֲנֶה הַגִּלְגָּלָה
And Joshua returned, and all Israel with him, unto the camp to Gilgal.

How it works

A parallel reader for the Hebrew Bible and its oldest witnesses: the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint, each with an English translation where one is available.

Reading a chapter

Choose a book and chapter at the top, or type a reference into Go to (Isa 53:11, 1 Sam 3, sam 3:4, ii kgs 2, ben sira 51). Book names can be abbreviated; a name shared by numbered books (sam, kings, chr, macc) opens the first of them unless you add the number. The arrow keys move between chapters, and the address bar keeps a link to the verse you clicked, so you can bookmark or share a place.

Each row is one verse. Rows follow the Masoretic verse numbering, so the Hebrew, JPS and Samaritan columns line up exactly. The Septuagint is numbered differently in many places (Psalms, Jeremiah, Exodus 35–40, parts of Kings, Proverbs, Daniel, and dozens of chapter boundaries). Its verses are placed against their Masoretic counterparts, and a small tag such as 50:3 shows the Septuagint's own number when it differs. Greek verses that have no Masoretic counterpart (for example the Prayer of Azariah in Daniel 3) appear in reading order as separate rows marked LXX.

Columns

The chips at the top switch columns on and off. Drag a chip (or a column heading) to reorder; with a chip focused, the ← → keys move it. Your choice is remembered. The Samaritan columns appear only in Genesis–Deuteronomy; the scrolls column appears wherever a manuscript survives, including Ben Sira. Columns marked † are licensed for non-commercial use only.

Words: lexicon and concordance

Hover over any Hebrew word (Masoretic, Samaritan or scroll) or any Greek word to see its dictionary form, Strong's number, a short gloss and its grammar. Click the word to open the concordance on the right: the full lexicon entry, then every occurrence, grouped by book — for Hebrew, separately for the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch and the scrolls (with the manuscript named). Click a reference to go there; every form of the word in the chapter is highlighted. You can also type a word or a Strong's number into Lexicon at the top.

In the Masoretic text, a Ketiv (the written form, unpointed) is shown in grey immediately before its Qere (the form read aloud); both carry the Qere's dictionary entry.

Variants

The Samaritan Pentateuch and every scroll are compared word by word with the Masoretic text of the same verse:

In the scrolls, letters in brackets are a modern editor's reconstruction and are never counted as variants; letters with a dotted overline are uncertain; ◦ is a trace of an unreadable letter. Manuscripts written in paleo-Hebrew script, and divine names that square-script scrolls write in paleo-Hebrew, are shown in paleo-Hebrew letters (switchable under Display). Hover a manuscript to see its edition. Display → Dead Sea Scrolls can hide the manuscripts that agree with the Masoretic text, or strip the reconstructions to show only what survives.

The comparison is automatic. It aligns words by spelling, so a transposition or a long rewritten passage can be marked imperfectly, and the spelling rule cannot tell a suffix from a vowel letter. Treat the colours as a finding aid and check a critical edition before building an argument on a reading.

Books outside the Hebrew Bible

Besides the Septuagint-only books, the book list has 1 Enoch and Jubilees (“Other ancient books”), shown in R. H. Charles's English with the Qumran copies beside them, and Psalms has a chapter 151. Their scroll copies — like those of Tobit and Ben Sira — have no verse numbers in the data: each fragment is placed by its published identification, and its lines are spread over those verses, so treat the exact verse boundaries as approximate. Aramaic copies (Tobit 4Q196–199 and all of Enoch) are marked “Aramaic” and have no word lookups.

Rabbinic citations

The small ❝ under a verse number opens the passages of rabbinic literature that cite that verse — Mishnah, Tosefta, both Talmuds, Midrash, Targum and Kabbalah (and, if you tick the box, later halakhah, liturgy and thought) — fetched live from Sefaria, so it needs an internet connection. Each passage is listed with Sefaria's date for the work it comes from and a link to read it there. Sefaria's links include allusions and discussions as well as quotations; those it classes as quotations are marked. It works for the Hebrew Bible, Ben Sira (by Kahana's numbering, e.g. the Talmud's quotations of Ben Sira), Tobit and Jubilees. For 1 Enoch, which the rabbis do not quote, it lists instead the Zohar's passages about a “Book of Enoch”.

How the Septuagint is aligned

Each Greek verse is placed by combining three things: the standard table of Septuagint–Masoretic verse correspondences (SIL's lxx.vrs), the table of Masoretic–English numbering differences, and a comparison of the English of Brenton's Septuagint with the JPS English, which confirms each pairing and catches displaced verses. Where no Masoretic verse is similar enough, the Greek verse stands on its own row.

The Greek word data

No openly licensed word-by-word analysis of Brenton's Greek exists, so each Greek word is matched to the most frequent analysis of the same form in the openly licensed Swete Septuagint (Morpheus parser), then to a lexicon entry. About 95% of words are identified. Parses of ambiguous forms (e.g. αὐτοῦ, τοῦ) can be wrong; the card says "automatic parse" as a reminder.

About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this site, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org. Their placement was made for this site by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

† Licensed for non-commercial use only. Full credits and licences: Credits and licences.