Textorah

Job 40

1
וַיַּעַן יְהוָה אֶת־אִיּוֹב וַיֹּאמַר
Moreover HaShem answered Job, and said:
Καὶ ἀπεκρίθη Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς τῷ Ἰὼβ, καὶ εἶπε,
And the Lord God answered Job and said,
2
הֲרֹב עִם־שַׁדַּי יִסּוֹר מוֹכִיחַ אֱלוֹהַּ יַעֲנֶנָּה
Shall he that reproveth contend with the Almighty? He that argueth with G-d, let him answer it.
μὴ κρίσιν μετὰ ἱκανοῦ ἐκκλίνει; ἐλέγχων δὲ Θεὸν, ἀποκριθήσεται αὐτήν.
Will [anyone] pervert judgment with the Mighty One? And he that reproves God, let him return it for answer.
3
וַיַּעַן אִיּוֹב אֶת־יְהוָה וַיֹּאמַר
Then Job answered HaShem, and said:
Ὑπολαβὼν δὲ Ἰὼβ λέγει τῷ Κυρίῳ,
And Job answered and said to the Lord,
4
הֵן קַלֹּתִי מָה אֲשִׁיבֶךָּ יָדִי שַׂמְתִּי לְמוֹ־פִי
Behold, I am of small account; what shall I answer Thee? I lay my hand upon my mouth.
τί ἔτι ἐγὼ κρίνομαι, νουθετούμενος καὶ ἐλέγχων Κύριον, ἀκούων τοιαῦτα οὐθὲν ὤν; ἐγὼ δὲ τίνα ἀπόκρισιν δῶ πρὸς ταῦτα; χεῖρα θήσω ἐπὶ στόματί μου.
Why do I yet plead? being rebuked even while reproving the Lord: Hearing such things, whereas I am nothing: And what shall I answer to these [arguments]? I will lay my hand upon my mouth.
5
אַחַת דִּבַּרְתִּי וְלֹא אֶעֱנֶה וּשְׁתַּיִם וְלֹא אוֹסִיף
Once have I spoken, but I will not answer again; yea, twice, but I will proceed no further.
Ἅπαξ λελάληκα, ἐπὶ δὲ τῷ δευτέρῳ οὐ προσθήσω.
I have spoken once; but I will not do so a second time.
6
וַיַּעַן־יְהוָה אֶת־אִיּוֹב מנ סערה מִן סְעָרָה וַיֹּאמַר
Then HaShem answered Job out of the whirlwind, and said:
Ἔτι δὲ ὑπολαβὼν ὁ Κύριος, εἶπε τῷ Ἰὼβ ἐκ τοῦ νέφους,
And the Lord yet again answered and spoke to Job out of the cloud, [saying],
7
אֱזָר־נָא כְגֶבֶר חֲלָצֶיךָ אֶשְׁאָלְךָ וְהוֹדִיעֵנִי
Gird up thy loins now like a man; I will demand of thee, and declare thou unto Me.
Μὴ, ἀλλὰ ζῶσαι ὥσπερ ἀνὴρ τὴν ὀσφύν σου, ἐρωτήσω δέ σε, σὺ δέ μοι ἀπόκριναι.
Nay, gird up now thy loins like a man; And I will ask thee, and do thou answer me.
8
הַאַף תָּפֵר מִשְׁפָּטִי תַּרְשִׁיעֵנִי לְמַעַן תִּצְדָּק
Wilt thou even make void My judgment? Wilt thou condemn Me, that thou mayest be justified?
Μὴ ἀποποιοῦ μου τὸ κρίμα· οἴει δέ με ἄλλως σοι κεχρηματικέναι, ἢ ἳνα ἀναφανῇς δίκαιος;
Do not set aside my judgment: And dost thou think that I have dealt with thee in any other way, than that thou mightest appear to be righteous?
9
וְאִם־זְרוֹעַ כָּאֵל לָךְ וּבְקוֹל כָּמֹהוּ תַרְעֵם
Or hast thou an arm like G-d? And canst thou thunder with a voice like Him?
Ἢ βραχίων σοί ἐστι κατὰ τοῦ Κυρίου, ἢ φωνῇ κατʼ αὐτοῦ βροντᾷς;
Hast thou an arm like the Lord’s? Or dost thou thunder with a voice like his?
10
עֲדֵה נָא גָאוֹן וָגֹבַהּ וְהוֹד וְהָדָר תִּלְבָּשׁ
Deck thyself now with majesty and excellency, and array thyself with glory and beauty.
Ἀνάλαβε δὴ ὕψος καὶ δύναμιν, δόξαν δὲ καὶ τιμὴν ἀμφίασαι.
Assume now a lofty bearing and power; And clothe thyself with glory and honor.
11
הָפֵץ עֶבְרוֹת אַפֶּךָ וּרְאֵה כָל־גֵּאֶה וְהַשְׁפִּילֵהוּ
Cast abroad the rage of thy wrath; and look upon every one that is proud, and abase him.
Ἀπόστειλον δὲ ἀγγέλους ὀργῇ, πὰντα δὲ ὑβριστὴν ταπείνωσον.
And send forth messengers with wrath; And lay low every haughty one.
12
רְאֵה כָל־גֵּאֶה הַכְנִיעֵהוּ וַהֲדֹךְ רְשָׁעִים תַּחְתָּם
Look on every one that is proud, and bring him low; and tread down the wicked in their place.
Ὑπερήφανον δὲ σβέσον, σῆψον δὲ ἀσεβεῖς παραχρῆμα.
Bring down also the proud man; And consume at once the ungodly.
13
טָמְנֵם בֶּעָפָר יָחַד פְּנֵיהֶם חֲבֹשׁ בַּטָּמוּן
Hide them in the dust together; bind their faces in the hidden place.
Κρύψον δὲ εἰς γῆν ὁμοθυμαδόν, τὰ δὲ πρόσωπα αὐτῶν ἀτιμίας ἔμπλησον.
And hide them together in the earth; And fill their faces with shame.
14
וְגַם־אֲנִי אוֹדֶךָּ כִּי־תוֹשִׁעַ לְךָ יְמִינֶךָ
Then will I also confess unto thee that thine own right hand can save thee.
Ὁμολογήσω ὅτι δύναται ἡ δεξιά σου σῶσαι.
[Then] will I confess that thy right hand can save [thee].
15
הִנֵּה־נָא בְהֵמוֹת אֲשֶׁר־עָשִׂיתִי עִמָּךְ חָצִיר כַּבָּקָר יֹאכֵל
Behold now behemoth, which I made with thee; he eateth grass as an ox.
Ἀλλὰ δὴ ἰδοὺ θηρία παρὰ σοὶ, χόρτον ἶσα βουσὶν ἐσθίουσιν.
But now look at the wild beasts with thee; They eat grass like oxen.
16
הִנֵּה־נָא כֹחוֹ בְמָתְנָיו וְאֹנוֹ בִּשְׁרִירֵי בִטְנוֹ
Lo now, his strength is in his loins, and his force is in the stays of his body.
Ἰδοὺ δὴ ἡ ἰσχὺς αὐτοῦ ἐπʼ ὀσφύϊ, ἡ δὲ δύναμις αὐτοῦ ἐπʼ ὀμφαλοῦ γαστρός·
Behold now, his strength is in his loins, And his force is in the navel of his belly.
17
יַחְפֹּץ זְנָבוֹ כְמוֹ־אָרֶז גִּידֵי פחדו פַחֲדָיו יְשֹׂרָגוּ
He straineth his tail like a cedar; the sinews of his thighs are knit together.
Ἔστησεν οὐρὰν ὡς κυπάρισσον, τὰ δὲ νεῦρα αὐτοῦ συμπέπλεκται.
He sets up his tail like a cypress; And his nerves are wrapped together.
18
עֲצָמָיו אֲפִיקֵי נְחוּשָׁה גְּרָמָיו כִּמְטִיל בַּרְזֶל
His bones are as pipes of brass; his gristles are like bars of iron.
Αἱ πλευραὶ αὐτοῦ, πλευραὶ χάλκειαι, ἡ δὲ ῥάχις αὐτοῦ σίδηρος χυτός.
His sides are sides of brass; And his backbone is [as] cast iron.
19
הוּא רֵאשִׁית דַּרְכֵי־אֵל הָעֹשׂוֹ יַגֵּשׁ חַרְבּוֹ
He is the beginning of the ways of G-d; He only that made him can make His sword to approach unto him.
Τουτέστιν ἀρχὴ πλάσματος Κυρίου· πεποιημένον ἐγκαταπαίζεσθαι ὑπὸ τῶν ἀγγέλων αὐτοῦ.
This is the chief of the creation of the Lord; Made to be played with by his angels.
20
כִּי־בוּל הָרִים יִשְׂאוּ־לוֹ וְכָל־חַיַּת הַשָּׂדֶה יְשַׂחֲקוּ־שָׁם
Surely the mountains bring him forth food, and all the beasts of the field play there.
Ἐπελθὼν δὲ ἐπʼ ὄρος ἀκρότομον, ἐποίησε χαρμονὴν τετράποσιν ἐν τῷ ταρτάρῳ.
And when he has gone up to a steep mountain, He causes joy to the quadrupeds in the deep.
21
תַּחַת־צֶאֱלִים יִשְׁכָּב בְּסֵתֶר קָנֶה וּבִצָּה
He lieth under the lotus-trees, in the covert of the reed, and fens.
Ὑπὸ παντοδαπὰ δένδρα κοιμᾶται, παρὰ πάπυρον καὶ κάλαμον καὶ βούτομον.
He lies under trees of every kind, By the papyrus, and reed, and bulrush.
22
יְסֻכֻּהוּ צֶאֱלִים צִלֲלוֹ יְסֻבּוּהוּ עַרְבֵי־נָחַל
The lotus-trees cover him with their shadow; the willows of the brook compass him about.
Σκιάζονται δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ δένδρα μεγάλα σὺν ῥαδάμνοις, καὶ κλῶνες ἀγροῦ.
And the great trees make a shadow over him with their branches, And [so do] the bushes of the field.
23
הֵן יַעֲשֹׁק נָהָר לֹא יַחְפּוֹז יִבְטַח כִּי־יָגִיחַ יַרְדֵּן אֶל־פִּיהוּ
Behold, if a river overflow, he trembleth not; he is confident, though the Jordan rush forth to his mouth.
Ἐὰν γένηται πλημμύρα, οὐ μὴ αἰσθηθῇ· πέποιθεν, ὅτι προσκρούσει ὁ Ἰορδάνης εἰς τὸ στόμα αὐτοῦ.
If there should be a flood, he will not perceive it; He trusts that Jordan will rush up into his mouth.
24
בְּעֵינָיו יִקָּחֶנּוּ בְּמוֹקְשִׁים יִנְקָב־אָף
Shall any take him by his eyes, or pierce through his nose with a snare?
Ἐν τῷ ὀφθαλμῷ αὐτοῦ δέξεται αὐτόν, ἐνσκολιευόμενος τρήσει ῥῖνα.
[Yet one] shall take him in his sight; [One] shall catch [him] with a cord, and pierce his nose.
25
תִּמְשֹׁךְ לִוְיָתָן בְּחַכָּה וּבְחֶבֶל תַּשְׁקִיעַ לְשֹׁנוֹ
Canst thou draw out leviathan with a fish-hook? or press down his tongue with a cord?
Οὐχ ἐώρακας αὐτόν; οὐδὲ ἐπὶ τοῖς λεγομένοις τεθαύμακας;
Hast thou not seen him? And hast thou not wondered at the things said [of him]?
2
Οὐ δέδοικας, ὅτι ἡτοίμασταί μοι; τίς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ ἐμοὶ ἀντιστάς;
Dost thou not fear because preparation has been made by me? For who is there that resists me?
26
הֲתָשִׂים אַגְמוֹן בְּאַפּוֹ וּבְחוֹחַ תִּקּוֹב לֶחֱיוֹ
Canst thou put a ring into his nose? or bore his jaw through with a hook?
Ἄξεις δὲ δράκοντα ἐν ἀγκίστρῳ, περιθήσεις δὲ φορβαίεαν περὶ ῥῖνα αὐτοῦ;
But wilt thou catch the serpent with a hook, And put a halter about his nose?
Ἤ δήσεις κρίκον ἐν τῷ μυκτῆρι αὐτοῦ, ψελλίῳ δὲ τρυπήσεις τὸ χεῖλος αὐτοῦ;
Or wilt thou fasten a ring in his nostril, And bore his lip with a clasp?
27
הֲיַרְבֶּה אֵלֶיךָ תַּחֲנוּנִים אִם־יְדַבֵּר אֵלֶיךָ רַכּוֹת
Will he make many supplications unto thee? or will he speak soft words unto thee?
Λαλήσει δέ σοι δεήσει, ἱκετηρίᾳ μαλακῶς;
Will he address thee with a petition? Softly, with the voice of a suppliant?
28
הֲיִכְרֹת בְּרִית עִמָּךְ תִּקָּחֶנּוּ לְעֶבֶד עוֹלָם
Will he make a covenant with thee, that thou shouldest take him for a servant for ever?
Θήσεται δὲ μετὰ σοῦ διαθήκην; λήψῃ δὲ αὐτὸν δοῦλον αἰώνιον;
And will he make a covenant with thee? And wilt thou take him for a perpetual servant?
29
ה͏ַתְשַׂחֶק־בּוֹ כַּצִּפּוֹר וְתִקְשְׁרֶנּוּ לְנַעֲרוֹתֶיךָ
Wilt thou play with him as with a bird? Or wilt thou bind him for thy maidens?
Παίξῃ δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ ὥσπερ ὀρνέῳ; ἢ δήσεις αὐτὸν ὥσπερ στρουθίον παιδίῳ;
And wilt thou play with him as with a bird? Or bind him as a sparrow for a child?
30
יִכְרוּ עָלָיו חַבָּרִים יֶחֱצוּהוּ בֵּין כְּנַעֲנִים
Will the bands of fishermen make a banquet of him? Will they part him among the merchants?
Ἐνσιτοῦνται δὲ ἐν αὐτῷ ἔθνη, μεριτεύονται δὲ αὐτὸν Φοινίκων ἔθνη;
And do the nations feed upon him, And the nations of the Phoenicians share him?
31
הַתְמַלֵּא בְשֻׂכּוֹת עוֹרוֹ וּבְצִלְצַל דָּגִים רֹאשׁוֹ
Canst thou fill his skin with barbed irons? or his head with fish-spears?
Πᾶν δὲ πλωτὸν συνελθὸν οὐ μὴ ἐνέγκωσι βύρσαν μίαν οὐρᾶς αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν πλοίοις ἁλιέων κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ.
And all the ships come together would not be able to bear the mere skin of his tail; Neither [shall they carry] his head in fishing vessels.
Τὰ ἔγκατα αὐτοῦ ἀσπίδες χάλκεαι. σύνδεσμος δὲ αὐτοῦ, ὥσπερ σμυρίτης λίθος.
His innards are [as] brazen plates, And the texture of his [skin] as an emery stone.
32
שִׂים־עָלָיו כַּפֶּךָ זְכֹר מִלְחָמָה אַל־תּוֹסַף
Lay thy hand upon him; think upon the battle, thou wilt do so no more.
Ἐπιθήσεις δὲ αὐτῷ χεῖρα, μνησθεὶς πόλεμον τὸν γινόμενον ἐν στόματι αὐτοῦ, καὶ μηκέτι γινέσθω.
But thou shalt lay thy hand upon him [once], Remembering the war that is waged by his mouth; And let it not be done anymore.

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Variants

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In the scrolls, letters in brackets are a modern editor's reconstruction and are never counted as variants; letters with a dotted overline are uncertain; ◦ is a trace of an unreadable letter. Manuscripts written in paleo-Hebrew script, and divine names that square-script scrolls write in paleo-Hebrew, are shown in paleo-Hebrew letters (switchable under Display). Hover a manuscript to see its edition. Display → Dead Sea Scrolls can hide the manuscripts that agree with the Masoretic text, or strip the reconstructions to show only what survives.

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Books outside the Hebrew Bible

Besides the Septuagint-only books, the book list has 1 Enoch and Jubilees (“Other ancient books”), shown in R. H. Charles's English with the Qumran copies beside them, and Psalms has a chapter 151. Their scroll copies — like those of Tobit and Ben Sira — have no verse numbers in the data: each fragment is placed by its published identification, and its lines are spread over those verses, so treat the exact verse boundaries as approximate. Aramaic copies (Tobit 4Q196–199 and all of Enoch) are marked “Aramaic” and have no word lookups.

Rabbinic citations

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How the Septuagint is aligned

Each Greek verse is placed by combining three things: the standard table of Septuagint–Masoretic verse correspondences (SIL's lxx.vrs), the table of Masoretic–English numbering differences, and a comparison of the English of Brenton's Septuagint with the JPS English, which confirms each pairing and catches displaced verses. Where no Masoretic verse is similar enough, the Greek verse stands on its own row.

The Greek word data

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About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this site, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org. Their placement was made for this site by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

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