Textorah

Job 34

1
וַיַּעַן אֱלִיהוּא וַיֹּאמַר
Moreover Elihu answered and said:
Ὑπολαβὼν δὲ Ἐλιοὺς, λέγει,
And Elihu continued, and said,
2
שִׁמְעוּ חֲכָמִים מִלָּי וְיֹדְעִים הַאֲזִינוּ לִי
Hear my words, ye wise men; and give ear unto me, ye that have knowledge.
Ἀκούσατέ μου σοφοὶ, ἐπιστάμενοι ἐνωτίζεσθε.
Hear me, ye wise men; Hearken, ye that have knowledge.
3
כִּי־אֹזֶן מִלִּין תִּבְחָן וְחֵךְ יִטְעַם לֶאֱכֹל
For the ear trieth words, as the palate tasteth food.
Ὅτι οὖς λόγους δοκιμάζει, καὶ λάρυγξ γεύεται βρῶσιν.
For the ear tries words, And the mouth tastes meat.
4
מִשְׁפָּט נִבְחֲרָה־לָּנוּ נֵדְעָה בֵינֵינוּ מַה־טּוֹב
Let us choose for us that which is right; let us know among ourselves what is good.
Κρίσιν ἑλώμεθα ἑαυτοῖς, γνῶμεν ἀναμέσον ἑαυτῶν, ὅ, τι καλόν.
Let us choose judgment to ourselves: Let us know among ourselves what is right.
5
כִּי־אָמַר אִיּוֹב צָדַקְתִּי וְאֵל הֵסִיר מִשְׁפָּטִי
For Job hath said: 'I am righteous, and G-d hath taken away my right;
Ὅτι εἴρηκεν Ἰὼβ, δίκαιός εἰμι· ὁ Κύριος ἀπήλλαξέ μου τὸ κρίμα.
For Job has said, I am righteous: The Lord has removed my judgment.
6
עַל־מִשְׁפָּטִי אֲכַזֵּב אָנוּשׁ חִצִּי בְלִי־פָשַׁע
Notwithstanding my right I am accounted a liar; my wound is incurable, though I am without transgression.'
Ἐψεύσατο δὲ τῷ κρίματί μου, βίαιον τὸ βέλος μου ἄνευ ἀδικίας.
And he has erred in my judgment: My wound is severe without unrighteousness [of mine].
7
מִי־גֶבֶר כְּאִיּוֹב יִשְׁתֶּה־לַּעַג כַּמָּיִם
What man is like Job, who drinketh up scorning like water?
Τίς ἀνὴρ ὥσπερ Ἰὼβ, πίνων μυκτηρισμὸν ὥσπερ ὕδωρ;
What man is as Job, Drinking scorning like water?
8
וְאָרַח לְחֶבְרָה עִם־פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן וְלָלֶכֶת עִם־אַנְשֵׁי־רֶשַׁע
Who goeth in company with the workers of iniquity, and walketh with wicked men.
Οὐχ ἁμαρτῶν οὐδὲ ἀσεβήσας, ἢ οὐδʼ οὐ κοινωνήσας μετὰ ποιούντων τὰ ἄνομα, τοῦ πορευθῆναι μετὰ ἀσεβῶν.
[Saying], I have not sinned, nor committed ungodliness, Nor had fellowship with workers of iniquity, To go with the ungodly.
9
כִּי־אָמַר לֹא יִסְכָּן־גָּבֶר בִּרְצֹתוֹ עִם־אֱלֹהִים
For he hath said: 'It profiteth a man nothing that he should be in accord with G-d.'
Μὴ γὰρ εἴπῃς, ὅτι οὐκ ἔσται ἐπισκοπὴ ἀνδρός, καὶ ἐπισκοπὴ αὐτῷ παρὰ Κυρίου.
For thou shouldest not say, There shall be no visitation of a man, Whereas [there is] a visitation on him from the Lord.
10
לָכֵן אַנֲשֵׁי לֵבָב שִׁמְעוּ לִי חָלִלָה לָאֵל מֵרֶשַׁע וְשַׁדַּי מֵעָוֶל
Therefore hearken unto me, ye men of understanding: Far be it from G-d, that He should do wickedness; and from the Almighty, that He should commit iniquity.
Διὸ συνετοὶ καρδίας ἀκούσατέ μου, μή μοι εἴη ἔναντι Κυρίου ἀσεβῆσαι, καὶ ἔναντι παντοκράτορος ταράξαι τὸ δίκαιον.
Wherefore hear me, ye that are wise in heart: Far be it from me to sin before the Lord, And to pervert righteousness before the Almighty.
11
כִּי פֹעַל אָדָם יְשַׁלֶּם־לוֹ וּכְאֹרַח אִישׁ יַמְצִאֶנּוּ
For the work of a man will He requite unto him, and cause every man to find according to his ways.
Ἀλλὰ ἀποδιδοῖ ἀνθρώπῳ καθὰ ποιεῖ ἕκαστος αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐν τρίβῳ ἀνδρὸς εὑρήσει αὐτόν.
Yea, he renders to a man accordingly as each of them does, And in a man’s path he will find him.
12
אַף־אָמְנָם אֵל לֹא־יַרְשִׁיעַ וְשַׁדַּי לֹא־יְעַוֵּת מִשְׁפָּט
Yea, of a surety, G-d will not do wickedly, neither will the Almighty pervert justice.
Οἴει δὲ τὸν Κύριον ἄτοπα ποιήσειν, ἢ ὁ παντοκράτωρ ταράξει κρίσιν,
And thinkest thou that the Lord will do wrong, Or will the Almighty who made the earth wrest judgment?
13
מִי־פָקַד עָלָיו אָרְצָה וּמִי שָׂם תֵּבֵל כֻּלָּהּ
Who gave Him a charge over the earth? Or who hath disposed the whole world?
ὃς ἐποίησε τὴν γῆν; Τίς δέ ἐστιν ὁ ποιῶν τὴν ὑπʼ οὐρανὸν, καὶ τὰ ἐνόντα πάντα;
And who is he that made [the whole world] under heaven, And all things therein?
14
אִם־יָשִׂים אֵלָיו לִבּוֹ רוּחוֹ וְנִשְׁמָתוֹ אֵלָיו יֶאֱסֹף
If He set His heart upon man, if He gather unto Himself his spirit and his breath;
Εἰ γὰρ βούλοιτο συνέχειν, καὶ τὸ σνεῦμα παρʼ αὐτῷ κατασχεῖν,
For if he would confine, And restrain his spirit with himself;
15
יִגְוַע כָּל־בָּשָׂר יָחַד וְאָדָם עַל־עָפָר יָשׁוּב
All flesh shall perish together, and man shall return unto dust.
τελευτήσει πᾶσα σὰρξ ὁμοθυμαδὸν, πᾶς δὲ βροτὸς εἰς γῆν ἀπελεύσεται, ὅθεν καὶ ἐπλάσθη.
All flesh would die together, And every mortal would return to the earth, whence also he was formed.
16
וְאִם־בִּינָה שִׁמְעָה־זֹּאת הַאֲזִינָה לְקוֹל מִלָּי
If now thou hast understanding, hear this; hearken to the voice of my words.
Ἴδὲ μὴ νουθετῇ, ἄκουε ταῦτα, ἐνωτίζου φωνὴν ῥημάτων.
Take heed lest he rebuke [thee]: Hear this, hearken to the voice of words.
17
הַאַף שׂוֹנֵא מִשְׁפָּט יַחֲבוֹשׁ וְאִם־צַדִּיק כַּבִּיר תַּרְשִׁיעַ
Shall even one that hateth right govern? And wilt thou condemn Him that is just and mighty--
Ἴδε σὺ τὸν μισοῦντα ἄνομα, καὶ τὸν ὀλλύντα τοὺς πονηροὺς, ὄντα αἰώνιον δίκαιον.
Behold then the one that hates iniquities, And that destroys the wicked, Who is forever just.
18
הַאֲמֹר לְמֶלֶךְ בְּלִיָּעַל רָשָׁע אֶל־נְדִיבִים
Is it fit to say to a king: 'Thou art base'? Or to nobles: 'Ye are wicked'?--
Ἀσεβὴς ὁ λέγων βασιλεῖ, παρανομεῖς, ἀσεβέστατε τοῖς ἄρχουσιν.
[He is] ungodly that says to a king, Thou art a transgressor, [That says] to princes, O most ungodly one.
19
אֲשֶׁר לֹא־נָשָׂא פְּנֵי שָׂרִים וְלֹא נִכַּר־שׁוֹעַ לִפְנֵי־דָל כִּי־מַעֲשֵׂה יָדָיו כֻּלָּם
That respecteth not the persons of princes, nor regardeth the rich more than the poor? For they all are the work of His hands.
Ὃς οὐκ ἐπαισχυνθῇ πρόσωπον ἐντίμου, οὐδὲ οἶδε τιμὴν θέσθαι ἁδροῖς θαυμασθῆναι πρόσωπα αὐτῶν.
[Such a one] as would not reverence the face of an honorable man, Neither knows how to give honor to the great, So that their persons should be respected.
20
רֶגַע יָמֻתוּ וַחֲצוֹת לָיְלָה יְגֹעֲשׁוּ עָם וְיַעֲבֹרוּ וְיָסִירוּ אַבִּיר לֹא בְיָד
In a moment they die, even at midnight; the people are shaken and pass away, and the mighty are taken away without hand.
Κενὰ δὲ αὐτοῖς ἀποβήσεται, τὸ κεκραγέναι καὶ δεῖσθαι ἀνδρός· ἐχρήσαντο γὰρ παρανόμως, ἐκκλινομένων ἀδυνάτων.
But it shall turn out vanity to them, to cry and beseech a man; For they dealt unlawfully, the poor being turned aside [from their right].
21
כִּי־עֵינָיו עַל־דַּרְכֵי־אִישׁ וְכָל־צְעָדָיו יִרְאֶה
For His eyes are upon the ways of a man, and He seeth all his goings.
Αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁρατής ἐστιν ἔργων ἀνθρώπων, λέληθε δὲ αὐτὸν οὐδὲν ὧν πράσσουσιν.
For he surveys the works of men, And nothing of what they do has escaped him.
22
אֵין־חֹשֶׁךְ וְאֵין צַלְמָוֶת לְהִסָּתֶר שָׁם פֹּעֲלֵי אָוֶן
There is no darkness, nor shadow of death, where the workers of iniquity may hide themselves.
Οὐδὲ ἔσται τόπος τοῦ κρυβῆναι τοὺς ποιοῦντας τὰ ἄνομα·
Neither shall there be a place for the workers of iniquity to hide themselves.
23
כִּי לֹא עַל־אִישׁ יָשִׂים עוֹד לַהֲלֹךְ אֶל־אֵל בַּמִּשְׁפָּט
For He doth not appoint a time unto any man, when he should go before G-d in judgment.
Ὅτι οὐκ ἐπʼ ἄνδρα θήσει ἔτι.
For he will not lay upon a man more [than right].
24
יָרֹעַ כַּבִּירִים לֹא־חֵקֶר וַיַּעֲמֵד אֲחֵרִים תַּחְתָּם
He breaketh in pieces mighty men without inquisition, and setteth others in their stead.
Ὁ γὰρ Κύριος πάντας ἐφορᾷ· ὁ καταλαμβάνων ἀνεξιχνίαστα, ἔνδοξά τε καὶ ἐξαίσια, ὧν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀριθμός.
For the Lord looks down upon all men, Who comprehends unsearchable things, Glorious also and excellent things without number.
25
לָכֵן יַכִּיר מַעְבָּדֵיהֶם וְהָפַךְ לַיְלָה וְיִדַּכָּאוּ
Therefore He taketh knowledge of their works; and He overturneth them in the night, so that they are crushed.
Ὁ γνωρίζων αὐτῶν τὰ ἔργα, καὶ στρέψει νύκτα καὶ ταπεινωθήσοται.
Who discovers their works, And will bring night about [upon them], and they shall be brought low.
26
תַּחַת־רְשָׁעִים סְפָקָם בִּמְקוֹם רֹאִים
He striketh them as wicked men in the open sight of others;
Ἔσβεσε δὲ ἀσεβεῖς, ὁρατοὶ δὲ ἐναντίον αὐτοῦ.
And he quite destroys the ungodly, For they are seen before him.
27
אֲשֶׁר עַל־כֵּן סָרוּ מֵאַחֲרָיו וְכָל־דְּרָכָיו לֹא הִשְׂכִּילוּ
Because they turned aside from following Him, and would not have regard to any of His ways;
Ὅτι ἐξέκλιναν ἐκ νόμου Θεοῦ, δικαιώματα δὲ αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐπέγνωσαν,
Because they turned aside from the law of God, And did not regard his ordinances,
28
לְהָבִיא עָלָיו צַעֲקַת־דָּל וְצַעֲקַת עֲנִיִּים יִשְׁמָע
So that they cause the cry of the poor to come unto Him, and He heareth the cry of the afflicted.
τοῦ ἐπαγαγεῖν ἐπʼ αὐτὸν κραυγὴν πενήτων, καὶ κραυγὴν πτωχῶν εἰσακούσεται.
So as to bring before him the cry of the needy; For he will hear the cry of the poor.
29
וְהוּא יַשְׁקִט וּמִי יַרְשִׁעַ וְיַסְתֵּר פָּנִים וּמִי יְשׁוּרֶנּוּ וְעַל־גּוֹי וְעַל־אָדָם יָחַד
When He giveth quietness, who then can condemn? And when He hideth His face, who then can behold Him? whether it be done unto a nation, or unto a man, alike;
Καὶ αὐτὸς ἡσυχίαν παρέξει, καὶ τίς καταδικάσεται; καὶ κρύψει πρόσωπον, καὶ τίς ὄψεται αὐτόν; καὶ κατὰ ἔθνους, καὶ κατὰ ἀνθρώπου ὁμοῦ.
And he will give quiet, and who will condemn? And he will hide his face, and who shall see him? Whether [it be done] against a nation, or against a man also:
30
מִמְּלֹךְ אָדָם חָנֵף מִמֹּקְשֵׁי עָם
That the godless man reign not, that there be none to ensnare the people.
Βασιλεύων ἀνθρωπον ὑποκριτὴν ἀπὸ δυσκολίας λαοῦ.
Causing a hypocrite to be king, because of the waywardness of the people.
31
כִּי־אֶל־אֵל הֶאָמַר נָשָׂאתִי לֹא אֶחְבֹּל
For hath any said unto G-d: 'I have borne chastisement, though I offend not;
Ὅτι πρὸς τὸν ἰσχυρὸν ὁ λέγων, εἴληφα, οὐκ ἐνεχυράσω·
For [there is] one that says to the Mighty One, I have received [blessings]; I will not take a pledge:
32
בִּלְעֲדֵי אֶחֱזֶה אַתָּה הֹרֵנִי אִם־עָוֶל פָּעַלְתִּי לֹא אֹסִיף
That which I see not teach Thou me; if I have done iniquity, I will do it no more'?
Ἄνευ ἐμαυτοῦ ὄψομαι· σὺ δεῖξόν μοι, εἰ ἀδικίαν εἰργασάμην, οὐ μὴ προσθήσω.
I will see apart from myself: Do thou show me if I have done unrighteousness; I will not do [so] anymore.
33
הַמֵעִמְּךָ יְשַׁלְמֶנָּה כִּי־מָאַסְתָּ כִּי־אַתָּה תִבְחַר וְלֹא־אָנִי וּמַה־יָדַעְתָּ דַבֵּר
Shall His recompense be as thou wilt? For thou loathest it, so that thou must choose, and not I; therefore speak what thou knowest.
Μὴ ἀπὸ σοῦ ἀποτίσει αὐτὴν, ὅτι σὺ ἀπώσῃ; ὅτι σὺ ἐκλέξῃ καὶ οὐκ ἐγώ; καὶ τί ἔγνως, λάλησον.
Will he take vengeance for it on thee, Whereas thou wilt put [it] far [from thee]? For thou shalt choose, and not I; And what thou knowest, speak thou.
34
אַנְשֵׁי לֵבָב יֹאמְרוּ לִי וְגֶבֶר חָכָם שֹׁמֵעַ לִי
Men of understanding will say unto me, yea, every wise man that heareth me:
Διὸ συνετοὶ καρδίας ἐροῦσι ταῦτα, ἀνὴρ δὲ σοφὸς ἀκήκοέ μου τὸ ῥῆμα.
Because the wise in heart shall say this, And a wise man listens to my word.
35
אִיּוֹב לֹא־בְדַעַת יְדַבֵּר וּדְבָרָיו לֹא בְהַשְׂכֵּיל
'Job speaketh without knowledge, and his words are without discernment.'
Ἰὼβ δὲ οὐκ ἐν συνέσει ἐλάλησε, τὰ ῥήματα αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐν ἐπιστήμῃ.
But Job has not spoken with understanding, His words are not [uttered] with knowledge.
36
אָבִי יִבָּחֵן אִיּוֹב עַד־נֶצַח עַל־תְּשֻׁבֹת בְּאַנְשֵׁי־אָוֶן
Would that Job were tried unto the end, because of his answering like wicked men.
Οὐ μὴν δὲ ἀλλὰ μάθε Ἰώβ, μὴ δῷς ἔτι ἀνταπόκρισιν ὥσπερ οἱ ἄφρονες·
Howbeit do thou learn, Job: No longer make answer as the foolish:
37
כִּי יֹסִיף עַל־חַטָּאתוֹ פֶשַׁע בֵּינֵינוּ יִסְפּוֹק וְיֶרֶב אֲמָרָיו לָאֵל
For he addeth rebellion unto his sin, he clappeth his hands among us, and multiplieth his words against G-d.
Ἵνα μὴ προσθῶμεν ἐφʼ ἁμαρτίας ἡμῶν, ἀνομία δὲ ἐφʼ ἡμῖν λογισθήσεται, πολλὰ λαλούντων ῥήματα ἐναντίον τοῦ Κυρίου.
That we add not to our sins: For iniquity will be reckoned against us, If [we] speak many words before the Lord.

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Besides the Septuagint-only books, the book list has 1 Enoch and Jubilees (“Other ancient books”), shown in R. H. Charles's English with the Qumran copies beside them, and Psalms has a chapter 151. Their scroll copies — like those of Tobit and Ben Sira — have no verse numbers in the data: each fragment is placed by its published identification, and its lines are spread over those verses, so treat the exact verse boundaries as approximate. Aramaic copies (Tobit 4Q196–199 and all of Enoch) are marked “Aramaic” and have no word lookups.

Rabbinic citations

The small ❝ under a verse number opens the passages of rabbinic literature that cite that verse — Mishnah, Tosefta, both Talmuds, Midrash, Targum and Kabbalah (and, if you tick the box, later halakhah, liturgy and thought) — fetched live from Sefaria, so it needs an internet connection. Each passage is listed with Sefaria's date for the work it comes from and a link to read it there. Sefaria's links include allusions and discussions as well as quotations; those it classes as quotations are marked. It works for the Hebrew Bible, Ben Sira (by Kahana's numbering, e.g. the Talmud's quotations of Ben Sira), Tobit and Jubilees. For 1 Enoch, which the rabbis do not quote, it lists instead the Zohar's passages about a “Book of Enoch”.

How the Septuagint is aligned

Each Greek verse is placed by combining three things: the standard table of Septuagint–Masoretic verse correspondences (SIL's lxx.vrs), the table of Masoretic–English numbering differences, and a comparison of the English of Brenton's Septuagint with the JPS English, which confirms each pairing and catches displaced verses. Where no Masoretic verse is similar enough, the Greek verse stands on its own row.

The Greek word data

No openly licensed word-by-word analysis of Brenton's Greek exists, so each Greek word is matched to the most frequent analysis of the same form in the openly licensed Swete Septuagint (Morpheus parser), then to a lexicon entry. About 95% of words are identified. Parses of ambiguous forms (e.g. αὐτοῦ, τοῦ) can be wrong; the card says "automatic parse" as a reminder.

About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this site, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org. Their placement was made for this site by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

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