Textorah

Ezekiel 36

1
וְאַתָּה בֶן־אָדָם הִנָּבֵא אֶל־הָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ הָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁמְעוּ דְּבַר־יְהוָה
And thou, son of man, prophesy unto the mountains of Israel, and say: Ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of HaShem.
Καὶ σὺ υἱὲ ἀνθρώπου προφήτευσον ἐπὶ τὰ ὄρη Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ εἰπὸν τοῖς ὄρεσι τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ, ἀκούσατε λόγον Κυρίου.
And thou, son of man, prophesy to the mountains of Israel, and say to the mountains of Israel, Hear ye the word of the Lord:
2
כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה יַעַן אָמַר הָאוֹיֵב עֲלֵיכֶם הֶאָח וּבָמוֹת עוֹלָם לְמוֹרָשָׁה הָיְתָה לָּנוּ
Thus saith the L-rd GOD: Because the enemy hath said against you: Aha! even the ancient high places are ours in possession;
Τάδε λέγει Κύριος Κύριος, ἀνθʼ οὗ εἶπεν ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς ὁ ἐχθρὸς, εὖγε ἔρημα αἰώνια εἰς κατάσχεσιν ἡμῖν ἐγενήθη·
Thus saith the Lord God; Because the enemy has said against you, Aha, the old waste places are become a possession for us:
3
לָכֵן הִנָּבֵא וְאָמַרְתָּ כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה יַעַן בְּיַעַן שַׁמּוֹת וְשָׁאֹף אֶתְכֶם מִסָּבִיב לִהְיוֹתְכֶם מוֹרָשָׁה לִשְׁאֵרִית הַגּוֹיִם וַתֵּעֲלוּ עַל־שְׂפַת לָשׁוֹן וְדִבַּת־עָם
therefore prophesy, and say: Thus saith the L-rd GOD: Because, even because they have made you desolate, and swallowed you up on every side, that ye might be a possession unto the rest of the nations, and ye are taken up in the lips of talkers, and the evil report of the people;
Διατοῦτο προφήτευσον, καὶ εἰπὸν, τάδε λέγει Κύριος Κύριος, ἀντὶ τοῦ ἀτιμασθῆναι ὑμᾶς, καὶ μισηθῆναι ὑμᾶς ὑπὸ τῶν κύκλῳ ὑμῶν, τοῦ εἶναι ὑμᾶς εἰς κατάσχεσιν τοῖς καταλοίποις ἔθνεσι, καὶ ἀνέβητε λάλημα γλώσσῃ, καὶ εἰς ὀνείδισμα ἔθνεσι,
therefore prophesy, and say, Thus saith the Lord God; Because ye have been dishonored, and hated by those round about you, that ye might be a possession to the remainder of the nations, and ye became a byword, and a reproach to the nations:
4
לָכֵן הָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁמְעוּ דְּבַר־אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה כֹּה־אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה לֶהָרִים וְלַגְּבָעוֹת לָאֲפִיקִים וְלַגֵּאָיוֹת וְלֶחֳרָבוֹת הַשֹּׁמְמוֹת וְלֶעָרִים הַנֶּעֱזָבוֹת אֲשֶׁר הָיוּ לְבַז וּלְלַעַג לִשְׁאֵרִית הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר מִסָּבִיב
therefore, ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the L-rd GOD: Thus saith the L-rd GOD to the mountains and to the hills, to the streams and to the valleys, to the desolate wastes and to the cities that are forsaken, which are become a prey and derision to the residue of the nations that are round about;
διατοῦτο ὄρη Ἰσραὴλ ἀκούσατε λόγον Κυρίου· τάδε λέγει Κύριος τοῖς ὄρεσι, καὶ τοῖς βουνοῖς, καὶ τοῖς χειμάῤῥοις, καὶ ταῖς φάραγξι, καὶ τοῖς ἐξηρημωμένοις καὶ ἠφανισμένοις, καὶ ταῖς πόλεσι ταῖς ἐγκαταλελειμμέναις, καὶ ἐγένοντο εἰς προνομὴν, καὶ εἰς καταπάτημα τοῖς καταλειφθεῖσιν ἔθνεσι περικύκλῳ.
therefore, ye mountains of Israel, hear the word of the Lord; Thus saith the Lord to the mountains, and to the hills, and to the streams, and to the valleys, and to [the places] that have been made desolate and destroyed, and to the cities that have been deserted, and have become a spoil and a trampling to the nations that were left round about;
5
לָכֵן כֹּה־אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה אִם־לֹא בְּאֵשׁ קִנְאָתִי דִבַּרְתִּי עַל־שְׁאֵרִית הַגּוֹיִם וְעַל־אֱדוֹם כֻּלָּא אֲשֶׁר נָתְנוּ־אֶת־אַרְצִי לָהֶם לְמוֹרָשָׁה בְּשִׂמְחַת כָּל־לֵבָב בִּשְׁאָט נֶפֶשׁ לְמַעַן מִגְרָשָׁהּ לָבַז
therefore thus saith the L-rd GOD: Surely in the fire of My jealousy have I spoken against the residue of the nations, and against all Edom, that have appointed My land unto themselves for a possession with the joy of all their heart, with disdain of soul, to cast it out for a prey;
Διατοῦτο τάδε λέγει Κύριος Κύριος, εἰ μὴν ἐν πυρὶ θυμοῦ μου ἐλάλησα ἐπὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἔθνη, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν Ἰδουμαίαν πᾶσαν, ὅτι ἔδωκαν τὴν γῆν μου ἑαυτοῖς εἰς κατάσχεσιν μετʼ εὐφροσύνης, ἀτιμάσαντες ψυχὰς, τοῦ ἀφανίσαι ἐν προνομῇ·
therefore thus saith the Lord; Verily in the fire of my wrath have I spoken against the rest of the nations, and against all Edom, because they have appropriated my land to themselves for a possession with joy, disregarding the lives [of the inhabitants], to destroy [it] by plunder:
6
לָכֵן הִנָּבֵא עַל־אַדְמַת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאָמַרְתָּ לֶהָרִים וְלַגְּבָעוֹת לָאֲפִיקִים וְלַגֵּאָיוֹת כֹּה־אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה הִנְנִי בְקִנְאָתִי וּבַחֲמָתִי דִּבַּרְתִּי יַעַן כְּלִמַּת גּוֹיִם נְשָׂאתֶם
therefore prophesy concerning the land of Israel, and say unto the mountains and to the hills, to the streams and to the valleys: Thus saith the L-rd GOD: Behold, I have spoken in My jealousy and in My fury, because ye have borne the shame of the nations;
Διατοῦτο προφήτευσον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν τοῦ Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ εἰπὸν τοῖς ὄρεσι, καὶ τοῖς βουνοῖς, καὶ ταῖς φάραγξι, καὶ ταῖς νάπαις, τάδε λέγει Κύριος, ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐν τῷ ζήλῳ μου, καὶ ἐν τῷ θυμῷ μου ἐλάλησα, ἀντὶ τοῦ ὀνειδισμοὺς ἐθνῶν ἐνέγκαι ὑμᾶς.
therefore prophesy concerning the land of Israel, and say to the mountains, and to the hills, and to the valleys, and to the forests, Thus saith the Lord; Behold, I have spoken in my jealousy and in my wrath, because ye have borne the reproaches of the heathen:
7
לָכֵן כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה אֲנִי נָשָׂאתִי אֶת־יָדִי אִם־לֹא הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר לָכֶם מִסָּבִיב הֵמָּה כְּלִמָּתָם יִשָּׂאוּ
therefore thus saith the L-rd GOD: I have lifted up My hand: Surely the nations that are round about you, they shall bear their shame.
Διατοῦτο ἐγὼ ἀρῶ τὴν χεῖρά μου ἐπὶ τὰ ἔθνη τὰ περικύκλῳ ὑμῶν, οὗτοι τὴν ἀτιμίαν αὐτῶν λήψονται.
therefore I will lift up my hand against the nations that are round about you; they shall bear their reproach.
8
וְאַתֶּם הָרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל עַנְפְּכֶם תִּתֵּנוּ וּפֶרְיְכֶם תִּשְׂאוּ לְעַמִּי יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי קֵרְבוּ לָבוֹא
But ye, O mountains of Israel, ye shall shoot forth your branches, and yield your fruit to My people Israel; for they are at hand to come.
Ὑμῶν δὲ ὄρη Ἰσραὴλ τὴν σταφυλὴν καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὑμῶν καταφάγεται ὁ λαός μου, ὅτι ἐλπίζουσι τοῦ ἐλθεῖν·
But your grapes and your fruits, O mountains of Israel, shall my people eat; for they are hoping to come.
9
כִּי הִנְנִי אֲלֵיכֶם וּפָנִיתִי אֲלֵיכֶם וְנֶעֱבַדְתֶּם וְנִזְרַעְתֶּם
For, behold, I am for you, and I will turn unto you, and ye shall be tilled and sown;
Ὅτι ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἐπιβλέψω ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς, καὶ κατεργασθήσεσθε, καὶ σπαρήσεσθε,
For, behold, I am toward you, and I will have respect to you, and ye shall be tilled and sown:
10
וְהִרְבֵּיתִי עֲלֵיכֶם אָדָם כָּל־בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל כֻּלֹּה וְנֹשְׁבוּ הֶעָרִים וְהֶחֳרָבוֹת תִּבָּנֶינָה
and I will multiply men upon you, all the house of Israel, even all of it; and the cities shall be inhabited, and the waste places shall be builded;
καὶ πληθυνῶ ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς ἀνθρώπους, πᾶν οἶκον Ἰσραὴλ εἰς τέλος, καὶ κατοικηθήσονται αἱ πόλεις, καὶ ἡ ἠρημωμένη οἰκοδομηθήσεται.
and I will multiply men upon you, [even] all the house of Israel to the end: and the cities shall be inhabited, and the desolate land shall be built upon.
11
וְהִרְבֵּיתִי עֲלֵיכֶם אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה וְרָבוּ וּפָרוּ וְהוֹשַׁבְתִּי אֶתְכֶם כְּקַדְמוֹתֵיכֶם וְהֵטִבֹתִי מֵרִאשֹׁתֵיכֶם וִידַעְתֶּם כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה
and I will multiply upon you man and beast, and they shall increase and be fruitful; and I will cause you to be inhabited after your former estate, and will do better unto you than at your beginnings; and ye shall know that I am HaShem.
Καὶ πληθυνῶ ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς ἀνθρώπους, καὶ κτήνη, καὶ κατοικιῶ ὑμᾶς ὡς τὸ ἐν ἀρχῇ ὑμῶν, καὶ εὖ ποιήσω ὑμᾶς, ὥσπερ τὰ ἔμπροσθεν ὑμῶν, καὶ γνώσεσθε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι Κύριος.
And I will multiply men and cattle upon you; and I will cause you to dwell as at the beginning, and will treat you well, as in your former [times]: and ye shall know that I am the Lord.
12
וְהוֹלַכְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם אָדָם אֶת־עַמִּי יִשְׂרָאֵל וִירֵשׁוּךָ וְהָיִיתָ לָהֶם לְנַחֲלָה וְלֹא־תוֹסִף עוֹד לְשַׁכְּלָם
Yea, I will cause men to walk upon you, even my people Israel, and they shall possess thee, and thou shalt be their inheritance; and thou shalt no more henceforth bereave them of children.
Καὶ γεννήσω ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς ἀνθρώπους τὸν λαόν μου Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ κληρονομήσουσιν ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἔσεσθε αὐτοῖς εἰς κατάσχεσιν· καὶ οὐ μὴ προστεθῆτε ἔτι ἀτεκνωθῆναι ἀπʼ αὐτῶν.
And I will increase men upon you, [even] my people Israel; and they shall inherit you, and ye shall be to them for a possession; and ye shall no more be bereaved of them.
13
כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה יַעַן אֹמְרִים לָכֶם אֹכֶלֶת אָדָם אתי אָתְּ וּמְשַׁכֶּלֶת גויך גּוֹיַיִךְ הָיִית
Thus saith the L-rd GOD: Because they say unto you: Thou land art a devourer of men, and hast been a bereaver of thy nations;
Τάδε λέγει Κύριος Κύριος, ἀνθʼ ὧν εἶπάν σοι, κατέσθουσα ἀνθρώπους εἶ, καὶ ἠτεκνωμένη ὑπὸ τοῦ ἔθνους σου ἐγένου·
Thus saith the Lord God: Because they said to thee, Thou [land] devourest men, and hast been bereaved of thy nation;
14
לָכֵן אָדָם לֹא־תֹאכְלִי עוֹד וגויך וְגוֹיַיִךְ לֹא תכשלי־תְשַׁכְּלִי־עוֹד נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
therefore thou shalt devour men no more, neither bereave thy nations any more, saith the L-rd GOD;
Διατοῦτο ἀνθρώπους οὐκέτι φάγεσαι, καὶ τὸ ἔθνος σου οὐκ ἀτεκνώσεις ἔτι, λέγει Κύριος Κύριος.
therefore thou shalt no more devour men, and thou shalt no more bereave thy nation, saith the Lord God.
15
וְלֹא־אַשְׁמִיעַ אֵלַיִךְ עוֹד כְּלִמַּת הַגּוֹיִם וְחֶרְפַּת עַמִּים לֹא תִשְׂאִי־עוֹד וגויך וְגוֹיַיִךְ לֹא־תַכְשִׁלִי עוֹד נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה
neither will I suffer the shame of the nations any more to be heard against thee, neither shalt thou bear the reproach of the peoples any more, neither shalt thou cause thy nations to stumble any more, saith the L-rd GOD.'
Καὶ οὐκ ἀκουσθήσεται οὐκέτι ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς ἀτιμία ἐθνῶν, καὶ ὀνειδισμοὺς λαῶν οὐ μὴ ἀνενέγκητε ἔτι, λέγει Κύριος Κύριος.
And there shall no more be heard against you the reproach of the nations, and ye shall no more bear the revilings of the peoples, saith the Lord God.
16
וַיְהִי דְבַר־יְהוָה אֵלַי לֵאמֹר
Moreover the word of HaShem came unto me, saying:
Καὶ ἐγένετο λόγος Κυρίου πρὸς μὲ, λέγων,
And the word of the Lord came to me, saying,
17
בֶּן־אָדָם בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל יֹשְׁבִים עַל־אַדְמָתָם וַיְטַמְּאוּ אוֹתָהּ בְּדַרְכָּם וּבַעֲלִילוֹתָם כְּטֻמְאַת הַנִּדָּה הָיְתָה דַרְכָּם לְפָנָי
'Son of man, when the house of Israel dwelt in their own land, they defiled it by their way and by their doings; their way before Me was as the uncleanness of a woman in her impurity.
υἱὲ ἀνθρώπου, οἶκος Ἰσραὴλ κατῴκησεν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐμίαναν αὐτὴν ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐν τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν, καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἀκαθαρσίαις αὐτῶν, καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἀκαθαρσίαν τῆς ἀποκαθημένης ἐγενήθη ἡ ὁδὸς αὐτῶν πρὸ προσώπου μου.
Son of man, the house of Israel dwelt upon their land, and defiled it by their way, and with their idols, and with their uncleannesses; and their way was before me like the uncleanness of a removed woman.
18
וָאֶשְׁפֹּךְ חֲמָתִי עֲלֵיהֶם עַל־הַדָּם אֲשֶׁר־שָׁפְכוּ עַל־הָאָרֶץ וּבְגִלּוּלֵיהֶם טִמְּאוּהָ
Wherefore I poured out My fury upon them for the blood which they had shed upon the land, and because they had defiled it with their idols;
Καὶ ἐξέχεα τὸν θυμόν μου ἐπʼ αὐτοὺς,
So I poured out my wrath upon them:
19
וָאָפִיץ אֹתָם בַּגּוֹיִם וַיִּזָּרוּ בָּאֲרָצוֹת כְּדַרְכָּם וְכַעֲלִילוֹתָם שְׁפַטְתִּים
and I scattered them among the nations, and they were dispersed through the countries; according to their way and according to their doings I judged them.
καὶ διέσπειρα αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, καὶ ἐλίκμησα αὐτοὺς εἰς τὰς χώρας, κατὰ τὴν ὁδὸν αὐτῶν, καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν αὐτῶν ἔκρινα αὐτούς.
and I dispersed them among the nations, and utterly scattered them through the countries: I judged them according to their way and according to their sin.
20
וַיָּבוֹא אֶל־הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר־בָּאוּ שָׁם וַיְחַלְּלוּ אֶת־שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי בֶּאֱמֹר לָהֶם עַם־יְהוָה אֵלֶּה וּמֵאַרְצוֹ יָצָאוּ
And when they came unto the nations, whither they came, they profaned My holy name; in that men said of them: These are the people of HaShem, and are gone forth out of His land.
Καὶ εἰσῆλθον εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, οὗ εἰσῆλθον ἐκεῖ, καὶ ἐβεβήλωσαν τὸ ὄνομά μου τὸ ἅγιον ἐν τῷ λέγεσθαι αὐτοὺς, λαὸς Κυρίου οὗτοι, καὶ ἐκ τῆς γῆς αὐτοῦ ἐξεληλύθασι.
And they went in among the nations, among which they went, and they profaned my holy name, while it was said of them, These are the people of the Lord, and they came forth out of his land.
21
וָאֶחְמֹל עַל־שֵׁם קָדְשִׁי אֲשֶׁר חִלְּלוּהוּ בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל בַּגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר־בָּאוּ שָׁמָּה
But I had pity for My holy name, which the house of Israel had profaned among the nations, whither they came.
Καὶ ἐπεισάμην αὐτῶν διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου τὸ ἅγιον, ὃ ἐβεβήλωσαν οἶκος Ἰσραὴλ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, οὗ εἰσήλθοσαν ἐκεῖ.
But I spared them for the sake of my holy name, which the house of Israel profaned among the nations, among whom they went.
22
לָכֵן אֱמֹר לְבֵית־יִשְׂרָאֵל כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה לֹא לְמַעַנְכֶם אֲנִי עֹשֶׂה בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל כִּי אִם־לְשֵׁם־קָדְשִׁי אֲשֶׁר חִלַּלְתֶּם בַּגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר־בָּאתֶם שָׁם
Therefore say unto the house of Israel: Thus saith the L-rd GOD: I do not this for your sake, O house of Israel, but for My holy name, which ye have profaned among the nations, whither ye came.
Διατοῦτο εἰπὸν τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰσραὴλ, τάδε λέγει Κύριος, οὐχ ὑμῖν ἐγὼ ποιῶ οἶκος Ἰσραὴλ, ἀλλʼ ἢ διὰ τὸ ὄνομά μου τὸ ἅγιον, ὃ ἐβεβηλώσατε ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, οὗ εἰσήλθετε ἐκεῖ.
Therefore say to the house of Israel, Thus saith the Lord; I do not this, O house of Israel, for your sakes, but because of my holy name, which ye have profaned among the nations, among whom ye went.
23
וְקִדַּשְׁתִּי אֶת־שְׁמִי הַגָּדוֹל הַמְחֻלָּל בַּגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר חִלַּלְתֶּם בְּתוֹכָם וְיָדְעוּ הַגּוֹיִם כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה בְּהִקָּדְשִׁי בָכֶם לְעֵינֵיהֶם
And I will sanctify My great name, which hath been profaned among the nations, which ye have profaned in the midst of them; and the nations shall know that I am HaShem, saith the L-rd GOD, when I shall be sanctified in you before their eyes.
Καὶ ἁγιάσω τὸ ὄνομά μου τὸ μέγα τὸ βεβηλωθὲν ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσιν, ὃ ἐβεβηλώσατε ἐν μέσῳ αὐτῶν, καὶ γνώσονται τὰ ἔθνη ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι Κύριος, ἐν τῷ ἁγιασθῆναί με ἐν ὑμῖν κατʼ ὀφθαλμοὺς αὐτῶν.
And I will sanctify my great name, which was profaned among the nations, which ye profaned in the midst of them; and the nations shall know that I am the Lord, when I am sanctified among you before their eyes.
24
וְלָקַחְתִּי אֶתְכֶם מִן־הַגּוֹיִם וְקִבַּצְתִּי אֶתְכֶם מִכָּל־הָאֲרָצוֹת וְהֵבֵאתִי אֶתְכֶם אֶל־אַדְמַתְכֶם
For I will take you from among the nations, and gather you out of all the countries, and will bring you into your own land.
Καὶ λήψομαι ὑμᾶς ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν, καὶ ἀθροίσω ὑμᾶς ἐκ πασῶν τῶν γαιῶν, καὶ εἰσάξω ὑμᾶς εἰς τὴν γῆν ὑμῶν,
And I will take you out from the nations, and will gather you out of all the lands, and will bring you into your own land:
25
וְזָרַקְתִּי עֲלֵיכֶם מַיִם טְהוֹרִים וּטְהַרְתֶּם מִכֹּל טֻמְאוֹתֵיכֶם וּמִכָּל־גִּלּוּלֵיכֶם אֲטַהֵר אֶתְכֶם
And I will sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be clean; from all your uncleannesses, and from all your idols, will I cleanse you.
καὶ ῥανῶ ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς καθαρὸν ὕδωρ, καὶ καθαρισθήσεσθε ἀπὸ πασῶν τῶν ἀκαθαρσιῶν ὑμῶν, καὶ ἀπὸ πάντων τῶν εἰδώλων ὑμῶν, καὶ καθαριῶ ὑμᾶς·
and I will sprinkle clean water upon you, and ye shall be purged from all your uncleannesses, and from all your idols, and I will cleanse you.
26
וְנָתַתִּי לָכֶם לֵב חָדָשׁ וְרוּחַ חֲדָשָׁה אֶתֵּן בְּקִרְבְּכֶם וַהֲסִרֹתִי אֶת־לֵב הָאֶבֶן מִבְּשַׂרְכֶם וְנָתַתִּי לָכֶם לֵב בָּשָׂר
A new heart also will I give you, and a new spirit will I put within you; and I will take away the stony heart out of your flesh, and I will give you a heart of flesh.
Καὶ δώσω ὑμῖν καρδίαν καινὴν, καὶ πνεῦμα καινὸν δώσω ἐν ὑμῖν, καὶ ἀφελῶ τὴν καρδίαν τὴν λιθίνην ἐκ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑμῶν, καὶ δώσω ὑμῖν καρδίαν σαρκίνην·
And I will give you a new heart, and will put a new spirit in you: and I will take away the heart of stone out of your flesh, and will give you a heart of flesh.
27
וְאֶת־רוּחִי אֶתֵּן בְּקִרְבְּכֶם וְעָשִׂיתִי אֵת אֲשֶׁר־בְּחֻקַּי תֵּלֵכוּ וּמִשְׁפָּטַי תִּשְׁמְרוּ וַעֲשִׂיתֶם
And I will put My spirit within you, and cause you to walk in My statutes, and ye shall keep Mine ordinances, and do them.
Καὶ τὸ πνεῦμά μου δώσω ἐν ὑμῖν, καὶ ποιήσω ἵνα ἐν τοῖς δικαιώμασί μου πορεύησθε, καὶ τὰ κρίματά μου φυλάξησθε, καὶ ποιήσητε·
And I will put my Spirit in you, and will cause you to walk in mine ordinances, and to keep my judgments, and do [them].
28
וִישַׁבְתֶּם בָּאָרֶץ אֲשֶׁר נָתַתִּי לַאֲבֹתֵיכֶם וִהְיִיתֶם לִי לְעָם וְאָנֹכִי אֶהְיֶה לָכֶם לֵאלֹהִים
And ye shall dwell in the land that I gave to your fathers; and ye shall be My people, and I will be your G-d.
Καὶ κατοικήσετε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἧς ἔδωκα τοῖς πατράσιν ὑμῶν, καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι εἰς λαὸν, καὶ ἐγὼ ἔσομαι ὑμῖν εἰς Θεόν.
And ye shall dwell upon the land which I gave to your fathers; and ye shall be to me a people, and I will be to you a God.
29
וְהוֹשַׁעְתִּי אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל טֻמְאוֹתֵיכֶם וְקָרָאתִי אֶל־הַדָּגָן וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֹתוֹ וְלֹא־אֶתֵּן עֲלֵיכֶם רָעָב
And I will save you from all your uncleannesses; and I will call for the corn, and will increase it, and lay no famine upon you.
Καὶ σώσω ὑμᾶς ἐκ πασῶν τῶν ἀκαθαρσιῶν ὑμῶν, καὶ καλέσω τὸν σῖτον, καὶ πληθυνῶ αὐτὸν, καὶ οὐ δώσω ἐφʼ ὑμᾶς λιμόν.
And I will save you from all your uncleannesses: and I will call for the corn, and multiply it, and will not bring famine upon you.
30
וְהִרְבֵּיתִי אֶת־פְּרִי הָעֵץ וּתְנוּבַת הַשָּׂדֶה לְמַעַן אֲשֶׁר לֹא תִקְחוּ עוֹד חֶרְפַּת רָעָב בַּגּוֹיִם
And I will multiply the fruit of the tree, and the increase of the field, that ye may receive no more the reproach of famine among the nations.
Καὶ πληθυνῶ τὸν καρπὸν τοῦ ξύλου, καὶ τὰ γεννήματα τοῦ ἀγροῦ, ὅπως ἂν μὴ λάβητε ὀνειδισμὸν λιμοῦ ἐν τοῖς ἔθνεσι.
And I will multiply the fruit of the trees, and the produce of the field, that ye may not bear the reproach of famine among the nations.
31
וּזְכַרְתֶּם אֶת־דַּרְכֵיכֶם הָרָעִים וּמַעַלְלֵיכֶם אֲשֶׁר לֹא־טוֹבִים וּנְקֹטֹתֶם בִּפְנֵיכֶם עַל עֲוֺנֹתֵיכֶם וְעַל תּוֹעֲבוֹתֵיכֶם
Then shall ye remember your evil ways, and your doings that were not good; and ye shall loathe yourselves in your own sight for your iniquities and for your abominations.
Καὶ μνησθήσεσθε τὰς ὁδοὺς ὑμῶν τὰς πονηρὰς, καὶ τὰ ἐπιτηδεύματα ὑμῶν τὰ μὴ ἀγαθὰ, καὶ προσοχθιεῖτε κατὰ πρόσωπον αὐτῶν ἐν ταῖς ἀνομίαις ὑμῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῖς βδελύγμασιν αὐτῶν.
And ye shall remember your evil ways, and your practices that were not good, and ye shall be hateful in your own sight for your transgressions and for your abominations.
32
לֹא לְמַעַנְכֶם אֲנִי־עֹשֶׂה נְאֻם אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה יִוָּדַע לָכֶם בּוֹשׁוּ וְהִכָּלְמוּ מִדַּרְכֵיכֶם בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל
Not for your sake do I this, saith the L-rd GOD, be it known unto you; be ashamed and confounded for your ways, O house of Israel.
Οὐ διʼ ὑμᾶς ἐγὼ ποιῶ, λέγει Κύριος Κύριος, γνωστόν ἐστιν ὑμῖν· αἰσχύνθητε καὶ ἐντράπητε ἐκ τῶν ὁδῶν ὑμῶν οἶκος Ἰσραήλ.
Not for your sakes do I [this], saith the Lord God, [as] it is known to you: be ye ashamed and confounded for your ways, O house of Israel.
33
כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה בְּיוֹם טַהֲרִי אֶתְכֶם מִכֹּל עֲוֺנוֹתֵיכֶם וְהוֹשַׁבְתִּי אֶת־הֶעָרִים וְנִבְנוּ הֶחֳרָבוֹת
Thus saith the L-rd GOD: In the day that I cleanse you from all your iniquities, I will cause the cities to be inhabited, and the waste places shall be builded.
Τάδε λέγει ἀδωναῒ Κύριος, ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ᾗ καθαριῶ ὑμᾶς ἐκ πασῶν ἀνομιῶν ὑμῶν, καὶ κατοικιῶ τὰς πόλεις, καὶ οἰκοδομηθήσονται ἔρημοι,
Thus saith the Lord God; In the day wherein I shall cleanse you from all your iniquities I will also cause the cities to be inhabited, and the waste [places] shall be built upon:
34
וְהָאָרֶץ הַנְּשַׁמָּה תֵּעָבֵד תַּחַת אֲשֶׁר הָיְתָה שְׁמָמָה לְעֵינֵי כָּל־עוֹבֵר
And the land that was desolate shall be tilled, whereas it was a desolation in the sight of all that passed by.
καὶ ἡ γῆ ἠφανισμένη ἐργασθήσεται ἀνθʼ ὧν ὅτι ἠφανισμένη ἐγενήθη κατʼ ὀφθαλμοὺς παντὸς παροδεύοντος.
and the desolate land shall be cultivated, whereas it was desolate in the eyes of everyone that passed by.
35
וְאָמְרוּ הָאָרֶץ הַלֵּזוּ הַנְּשַׁמָּה הָיְתָה כְּגַן־עֵדֶן וְהֶעָרִים הֶחֳרֵבוֹת וְהַנְשַׁמּוֹת וְהַנֶּהֱרָסוֹת בְּצוּרוֹת יָשָׁבוּ
And they shall say: This land that was desolate is become like the garden of Eden; and the waste and desolate and ruined cities are fortified and inhabited.
Καὶ ἐροῦσιν, ἡ γῆ ἐκείνη ἠφανισμένη ἐγενήθη ὡς κῆπος τρυφῆς, καὶ αἱ πόλεις αἱ ἔρημοι καὶ ἠφανισμέναι καὶ κατεσκαμμέναι ὀχυραὶ ἐκάθισαν.
And they shall say, That desolate land is become like a garden of delight; and the waste and desolate and ruined cities are inhabited.
36
וְיָדְעוּ הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר יִשָּׁאֲרוּ סְבִיבוֹתֵיכֶם כִּי אֲנִי יְהוָה בָּנִיתִי הַנֶּהֱרָסוֹת נָטַעְתִּי הַנְּשַׁמָּה אֲנִי יְהוָה דִּבַּרְתִּי וְעָשִׂיתִי
Then the nations that are left round about you shall know that I HaShem have builded the ruined places, and planted that which was desolate; I HaShem have spoken it, and I will do it.
Καὶ γνώσονται τὰ ἔθνη, ὅσα ἂν καταλειφθῶσιν κύκλῳ ὑμῶν, ὅτι ἐγὼ Κύριος ᾠκοδόμησα τὰς καθῃρημένας, καὶ κατεφύτευσα τὰς ἠφανισμένας· ἐγὼ Κύριος ἐλάλησα, καὶ ποιήσω.
And the nations, as many as shall have been left round about you, shall know that I the Lord have built the ruined [cities] and planted the waste [lands]: I the Lord have spoken, and will do [it].
37
כֹּה אָמַר אֲדֹנָי יְהוִה עוֹד זֹאת אִדָּרֵשׁ לְבֵית־יִשְׂרָאֵל לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם אַרְבֶּה אֹתָם כַּצֹּאן אָדָם
Thus saith the L-rd GOD: I will yet for this be inquired of by the house of Israel, to do it for them; I will increase them with men like a flock.
Τάδε λέγει ἀδωναῒ Κύριος, ἔτι τοῦτο ζητηθήσομαι τῷ οἴκῳ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ ποιῆσαι αὐτούς· πληθυνῶ αὐτοὺς ὡς πρόβατα ἀνθρώπους,
Thus saith the Lord God; Yet [for] this will I be sought by the house of Israel, to establish them; I will multiply them [even] men as sheep;
38
כְּצֹאן קָדָשִׁים כְּצֹאן יְרוּשָׁלִַם בְּמוֹעֲדֶיהָ כֵּן תִּהְיֶינָה הֶעָרִים הֶחֳרֵבוֹת מְלֵאוֹת צֹאן אָדָם וְיָדְעוּ כִּי־אֲנִי יְהוָה
As the flock for sacrifice, as the flock of Jerusalem in her appointed seasons, so shall the waste cities be filled with flocks of men; and they shall know that I am HaShem.'
ὡς πρόβατα ἅγια, ὡς πρόβατα Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐν ταῖς ἑορταῖς αὐτῆς· οὕτως ἔσονται αἱ πόλεις αἱ ἔρημοι πλήρεις προβάτων ἀνθρώπων· καὶ γνώσονται ὅτι ἐγὼ Κύριος.
as holy sheep, as the sheep of Jerusalem in her feasts; thus shall the desert cities be full of flocks of men: and they shall know that I [am] the Lord.

How it works

A parallel reader for the Hebrew Bible and its oldest witnesses: the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint, each with an English translation where one is available.

Reading a chapter

Choose a book and chapter at the top, or type a reference into Go to (Isa 53:11, 1 Sam 3, sam 3:4, ii kgs 2, ben sira 51). Book names can be abbreviated; a name shared by numbered books (sam, kings, chr, macc) opens the first of them unless you add the number. The arrow keys move between chapters, and the address bar keeps a link to the verse you clicked, so you can bookmark or share a place.

Each row is one verse. Rows follow the Masoretic verse numbering, so the Hebrew, JPS and Samaritan columns line up exactly. The Septuagint is numbered differently in many places (Psalms, Jeremiah, Exodus 35–40, parts of Kings, Proverbs, Daniel, and dozens of chapter boundaries). Its verses are placed against their Masoretic counterparts, and a small tag such as 50:3 shows the Septuagint's own number when it differs. Greek verses that have no Masoretic counterpart (for example the Prayer of Azariah in Daniel 3) appear in reading order as separate rows marked LXX.

Columns

The chips at the top switch columns on and off. Drag a chip (or a column heading) to reorder; with a chip focused, the ← → keys move it. Your choice is remembered. The Samaritan columns appear only in Genesis–Deuteronomy; the scrolls column appears wherever a manuscript survives, including Ben Sira. Columns marked † are licensed for non-commercial use only.

Words: lexicon and concordance

Hover over any Hebrew word (Masoretic, Samaritan or scroll) or any Greek word to see its dictionary form, Strong's number, a short gloss and its grammar. Click the word to open the concordance on the right: the full lexicon entry, then every occurrence, grouped by book — for Hebrew, separately for the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch and the scrolls (with the manuscript named). Click a reference to go there; every form of the word in the chapter is highlighted. You can also type a word or a Strong's number into Lexicon at the top.

In the Masoretic text, a Ketiv (the written form, unpointed) is shown in grey immediately before its Qere (the form read aloud); both carry the Qere's dictionary entry.

Variants

The Samaritan Pentateuch and every scroll are compared word by word with the Masoretic text of the same verse:

In the scrolls, letters in brackets are a modern editor's reconstruction and are never counted as variants; letters with a dotted overline are uncertain; ◦ is a trace of an unreadable letter. Manuscripts written in paleo-Hebrew script, and divine names that square-script scrolls write in paleo-Hebrew, are shown in paleo-Hebrew letters (switchable under Display). Hover a manuscript to see its edition. Display → Dead Sea Scrolls can hide the manuscripts that agree with the Masoretic text, or strip the reconstructions to show only what survives.

The comparison is automatic. It aligns words by spelling, so a transposition or a long rewritten passage can be marked imperfectly, and the spelling rule cannot tell a suffix from a vowel letter. Treat the colours as a finding aid and check a critical edition before building an argument on a reading.

Books outside the Hebrew Bible

Besides the Septuagint-only books, the book list has 1 Enoch and Jubilees (“Other ancient books”), shown in R. H. Charles's English with the Qumran copies beside them, and Psalms has a chapter 151. Their scroll copies — like those of Tobit and Ben Sira — have no verse numbers in the data: each fragment is placed by its published identification, and its lines are spread over those verses, so treat the exact verse boundaries as approximate. Aramaic copies (Tobit 4Q196–199 and all of Enoch) are marked “Aramaic” and have no word lookups.

Rabbinic citations

The small ❝ under a verse number opens the passages of rabbinic literature that cite that verse — Mishnah, Tosefta, both Talmuds, Midrash, Targum and Kabbalah (and, if you tick the box, later halakhah, liturgy and thought) — fetched live from Sefaria, so it needs an internet connection. Each passage is listed with Sefaria's date for the work it comes from and a link to read it there. Sefaria's links include allusions and discussions as well as quotations; those it classes as quotations are marked. It works for the Hebrew Bible, Ben Sira (by Kahana's numbering, e.g. the Talmud's quotations of Ben Sira), Tobit and Jubilees. For 1 Enoch, which the rabbis do not quote, it lists instead the Zohar's passages about a “Book of Enoch”.

How the Septuagint is aligned

Each Greek verse is placed by combining three things: the standard table of Septuagint–Masoretic verse correspondences (SIL's lxx.vrs), the table of Masoretic–English numbering differences, and a comparison of the English of Brenton's Septuagint with the JPS English, which confirms each pairing and catches displaced verses. Where no Masoretic verse is similar enough, the Greek verse stands on its own row.

The Greek word data

No openly licensed word-by-word analysis of Brenton's Greek exists, so each Greek word is matched to the most frequent analysis of the same form in the openly licensed Swete Septuagint (Morpheus parser), then to a lexicon entry. About 95% of words are identified. Parses of ambiguous forms (e.g. αὐτοῦ, τοῦ) can be wrong; the card says "automatic parse" as a reminder.

About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this site, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org. Their placement was made for this site by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

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