Textorah

Ben Sira 50

1
גְּדוֹל אֶחָיו וְתִפְאֶרֶת עַמּוֹ, שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָנָן הַכֹּהֵן. אֲשֶׁר בְּדוֹרוֹ נִפְקַד הַבָּיִת, וּבְיָמָיו חֻזַּק הֵיכָל.
Great one of his brethren, and glory of his people, Was Simon, son of Johanan (H), the priest; In whose generation the house was repaired (?); And in whose days the temple was fortified.
Σίμων Ὀνίου υἱὸς ἱερεὺς ὁ μέγας, ὃς ἐν ζωῇ αὐτοῦ ὑπέῤῥαψεν οἶκον, καὶ ἐν ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ἐστερέωσε τὸν ναόν·
Simon the high priest, the son of Onias, Who in his life repaired the house again, And in his days fortified the temple:
2
אֲשֶׁר בְּדוֹרוֹ נִכְרָה מִקְוֶה, וְשִׂיחַ כַּיָּם בַּהֲמוֹנוֹ.
In whose generation a cistern was digged (H); A pit ( or store) like the sea (?) in its abundance.
καὶ ὑπʼ αὐτοῦ ἐθεμελιώθη ὕψος διπλῆς ἀνάλημμα ὑψηλὸν περιβόλου ἱεροῦ.
And by him was built from the foundation the double height, The high fortress of the wall about the temple:
3
אֲשֶׁר בְּיָמָיו נִבְנָה קִיר / פִּנּוֹת, מָעוֹן, כְּהֵיכַל מֶלֶךְ.
In whose days a wall was built; A bulwark of refuge (?) in the temple of the King.
Ἐν ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ ἠλαττώθη ἀποδοχεῖον ὑδάτων, χαλκὸς ὡσεὶ θαλάσσης τὸ περίμετρον·
In his days the cistern to receive water, being in compass as the sea, was covered with plates of brass:
4
הַדּוֹאֵג לְעַמּוֹ מֵחֶתֶף, וּמְחַזֵּק עִירוֹ מִצָּר.
Who took thought for his people against the spoiler; And fortified his city against the besieger.
ὁ φροντίζων τοῦ λαοῦ αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ πτώσεως, καὶ ἐνισχύσας πόλιν ἐμπολιορκῆσαι,
He took care of the temple that it should not fall, And fortified the city against besieging:
5
מַה נֶהְדַּר בְּהַשְׁגִּיחוֹ מֵאֹהֶל, וּבְצֵאתוֹ מִבֵּית הַפָּרֹכֶת.
How glorious was he when he looked forth from the tent; And when he went out from the house of the veil!
ὡς ἐδοξάσθη ἐν περιστροφῇ λαοῦ, ἐν ἐξόδῳ οἴκου καταπετάσματος·
How was he honored in the midst of the people In his coming out of the sanctuary!
6
כְּכוֹכָב אוֹר מִבֵּין עָבִים, וּכְיָרֵחַ מָלֵא בִּימֵי מוֹעֵד.
As the morning star from amid thick clouds; And as the full moon in the days of (?) the solemn feast.
ὡς ἀστὴρ ἑωθινὸς ἐν μέσῳ νεφέλης, ὡς σελήνη πλήρης ἐν ἡμέραις·
He was as the morning star in the midst of a cloud, And as the moon at the full:
7
כְּשֶׁמֶשׁ מְשַׁקֶּרֶת אֶל הֵיכַל הַמֶּלֶךְ, וּכְקֶשֶׁת נִרְאֲתָה בֶעָנָן.
And as the sun dawning upon (?) the temple of the King; And as rainbow seen in the cloud.
ὡς ἥλιος ἐκλάμπων ἐπὶ ναὸν ὑψίστου, καὶ ὡς τόξον φωτίζον ἐν νεφέλαις δόξης·
As the sun shining upon the temple of the most High, And as the rainbow giving light in the bright clouds:
8
כְּנֵץ בַּעֲנָפוֹ בִּימֵי מוֹעֵד, וּכְשׁוֹשָׁן עַל יִבְלֵי מָיִם. כְּפֶרַח לְבָנוֹן בִּימֵי קָיִץ, וּכְאֵשׁ לְבוֹנָה עַל הַמִּנְחָה.
As budding branch (?) in the days of the solemn feast; And as the lotus by the watercourses. As flower of Lebanon in the days of summer; And as fire of incense upon the meal-offering:
ὡς ἄνθος ῥόδων ἐν ἡμέραις νέων, ὡς κρίνα ἐπʼ ἐξόδων ὕδατος· ὡς βλαστὸς Λιβάνου ἐν ἡμέραις θέρους,
And as the flower of roses in the spring of the year, As lilies by the rivers of waters, And as the branches of the frankincense tree in the time of summer:
9
כִּכְלִי זָהָב מְפֻתָּח וְאַנְטִיל, הַנֶּאֱחָז עַל אַבְנֵי חֵפֶץ.
In ( or As) a gold plated vessel, and a chalice ( or weighty), That is set with pleasant stones.
ὡς πῦρ καὶ λίβανος ἐπὶ πυρείου· ὡς σκεῦος χρυσίου ὁλοσφύρητον κεκοσμημένον παντὶ λίθῳ πολυτελεῖ·
As fire and incense in the censer, And as a vessel of beaten gold Set with all manner of precious stones:
10
כְּזַיִת רַעֲנָן מָלֵא גַרְגַּר, וּכְעֵץ שָׁמֵן מְרַוֶּה עָנָף.
As a green olive full of berries; And as a wild olive tree with branches full of sap.
ὡς ἐλαία ἀναθάλλουσα καρποὺς, καὶ ὡς κυπάρισσος ὑψουμένη ἐν νεφέλαις.
And as a fair olive tree budding forth fruit, And as a cypress tree which groweth up to the clouds.
11
בַּעֲטוֹתוֹ בִּגְדֵי כָבוֹד, וְהִתְלַבְּשׁוֹ בִּגְדֵי תִפְאָרֶת. בַּעֲלוֹתוֹ עַל מִזְבַּח הוֹד, וַיֶּהְדַּר עֲזֶרֶת מִקְדָּשׁ.
When he put on robes of honour; And clothed himself with robes of beauty. When he ascended the altar of majesty; And made glorious the precinct of the sanctuary.
Ἐν τῷ ἀναλαμβάνειν αὐτὸν στολὴν δόξης, καὶ ἐνδιδύσκεσθαι αὐτὸν συντέλειαν καυχήματος, ἐν ἀναβάσει θυσιαστηρίου ἁγίου ἐδόξασε περιβολὴν ἁγιάσματος.
When he put on the robe of honor, And was clothed with the perfection of glory, When he went up to the holy altar, He made the garment of holiness honorable.
12
בְּקַבְּלוֹ נְתָחִים מִיַּד אֶחָיו, וְהוּא נִצָּב עַל מַעֲרָכוֹת. סָבִיב לוֹ עֲטֶרֶת בָּנִים, כִּשְׁתִילֵי אֲרָזִים בַּלְּבָנוֹן. וַיַּקִּיפוּהוּ בְּעַרְבֵי נָחַל, כָּל-בְּנֵי אֲהַרֹן בִּכְבוֹדָם.
When he received the pieces out of the hand of his brethren; While himself standing by the altar-fires: Round him a crown of sons, Like cedar plants in Lebanon. And they compassed him about like willows of the brook: All the sons of Aaron in their glory:
Ἐν δὲ τῷ δέχεσθαι μέλη ἐκ χειρῶν ἱερέων, καὶ αὐτὸς ἑστὼς παρʼ ἐσχάρᾳ βωμοῦ, κυκλόθεν αὐτοῦ στέφανος ἀδελφῶν, ὡς βλάστημα κέδρου ἐν τῶ λιβάνῳ· καὶ ἐκύκλωσαν αὐτὸν ὡς στελέχη φοινίκων,
When he took the portions out of the priests’ hands, He himself stood by the hearth of the altar, Compassed with his brethren round about, As a young cedar in Lebanon; And as palm trees compassed they him round about.
13
וְאִשֵּׁי יְהֹוָה בְּיָדָם, נֶגֶד כָּל קְהַל יִשְׂרָאֵל.
With the fire-offerings of the Lord in their hand, Before all the congregation of Israel.
καὶ πάντες οἱ υἱοὶ Ἀαρὼν ἐν δόξῃ αὐτῶν· καὶ προσφορὰ Κυρίου ἐν χερσὶν αὐτῶν ἔναντι πάσης ἐκκλησίας Ἰσραήλ.
So were all the sons of Aaron in their glory, And the oblations of the Lord in their hands, Before all the congregation of Israel.
14
עַד כַּלּוֹתוֹ לְשָׁרֵת מִזְבֵּחַ, וּלְסַדֵּר מַעַרְכוֹת עֶלְיוֹן.
Until he finished serving the altar, And arranging the fires of the Most High.
Καὶ συντέλειαν λειτουργῶν ἐπὶ βωμῶν, κοσμῆσαι προσφορὰν ὑψίστου παντοκράτορος,
And finishing the service at the altar, That he might adorn the offering of the most high Almighty,
15
ἐξέτεινεν ἐπὶ σπονδείου χεῖρα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔσπεισεν ἐξ αἵματος σταφυλῆς· ἐξέχεεν εἰς θεμέλια θυσιαστηρίου ὀσμὴν εὐωδίας ὑψίστῷ παμβασιλεῖ.
He stretched out his hand to the cup, And poured of the blood of the grape, He poured out at the foot of the altar A sweet-smelling savor unto the most high King of all.
16
אָז יָרִיעוּ בְנֵי אֲהַרֹן / הַכֹּהֲנִים, בַּחֲצֹצְרוֹת מִקְשֶׁה. וַיָּרִיעוּ וַיַּשְׁמִיעוּ קוֹל אַדִּיר, לְהַזְכִּיר לִפְנֵי עֶלְיוֹן.
Then sounded the sons of Aaron, the priests, With trumpets of turnery. And they sounded, and made their glorious voice heard; To bring to remembrance (?) before the Most High.
Τότε ἀνέκραγον υἱοὶ Ἀαρὼν, ἐν σάλπιγξιν ἐλαταῖς ἤχησαν· ἀκουστὴν ἐποίησαν φωνὴν μεγάλην εἰς μνημόσυνον ἔναντι ὑψίστου.
Then shouted the sons of Aaron, And sounded the silver trumpets, And made a great noise to be heard, For a remembrance before the most High.
17
כָּל בָּשָׂר יַחְדָּו נִמְהָרוּ, וַיִּפְּלוּ עַל פְּנֵיהֶם אָרְצָה. לְהִשְׁתַּחֲוֹת לִפְנֵי עֶלְיוֹן, לִפְנֵי קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל.
All flesh together hasted, And fell down upon their faces to the earth: To worship before the Most High; Before the Holy One of Israel.
Τότε πᾶς ὁ λαὸς κοινῇ κατέσπευσε, καὶ ἔπεσαν ἐπὶ πρόσωπον ἐπὶ τὴν γῆν, προσκυνῆσαι τῷ Κυρίῳ αὐτῶν παντοκράτορι Θεῷ τῷ ὑψίστῳ.
Then all the people together hastened, And fell down to the earth upon their faces To worship their Lord God Almighty, the most High.
18
וַיִּתֵּן הַשִּׁיר קוֹלוֹ, וְעַל הֲמּוֹן הֶעֱרִיכוּ נֵרוֹ.
And the choir uttered its voice; And over the multitude they made sweet melody (?).
Καὶ ᾔνεσαν οἱ ψαλμῳδοὶ ἐν φωναῖς αὐτῶν, ἐν πλείστῳ οἴκῳ ἐγλυκάνθη μέλος.
The singers also sang praises with their voices, With great variety of sounds was there made sweet melody.
19
וַיָּרֹנּוּ כָּל עַם הָאָרֶץ, בִּתְפִלָּה לִפְנֵי רַחוּם. עַד כַּלּוֹתוֹ לְשָׁרֵת מִזְבֵּחַ, וּמִשְׁפָּטָיו הִגִּיעַ אֵלָיו.
And all the people of the land chanted, In prayer before the Merciful. Until he finished serving the altar; And had brought its customary offerings unto it.
Καὶ ἐδεήθη ὁ λαὸς Κυρίου ὑψίστου ἐν προσευχῇ κατέναντι ἐλεήμονος, ἕως συντελεσθῇ κόσμος Κυρίου, καὶ τὴν λειτουργίαν αὐτοῦ ἐτελείωσαν.
And the people besought the Lord, the most High, By prayer before him that is merciful, Till the solemnity of the Lord was ended, And they had finished his service.
20
אָז יָרַד וְנָשָׂא יָדָיו, עַל כָּל קְהַל יִשְׂרָאֵל. וּבִרְכַּת יְהֹוָה בִּשְׂפָתָיו, וּבְשֵׁם יְהֹוָה הִתְפָּאֵר.
Then he came down, and lifted up his hands Over all the congregation of Israel. And the blessing of the Lord was on his lips; And in the name of the Lord he gloried.
Τότε καταβὰς ἐπῇρε χεῖρας αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν ἐκκλησίαν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ, δοῦναι εὐλογίαν Κυρίῳ ἐν χειλέων αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν ὀνόματι αὐτοῦ καυχᾶσθαι.
Then he went down, and lifted up his hands over the whole congregation of the children of Israel, To give the blessing of the Lord with his lips, And to rejoice in his name.
21
וַיִּשְׁנוּ לִנְפּוֹל שֵׁנִית, בְּרָכוֹת לָקַחַת מִפָּנָיו.
And they bowed down again a second time, The people all of them, before him.
Καὶ ἐδευτέρωσεν ἐν προσκυνήσει ἐπιδείξασθαι τὴν εὐλογίαν παρὰ ὑψίστου.
And they bowed themselves down to worship the second time, That they might receive a blessing from the most High.
22
עַתָּה בָּרְכוּ נָא, אֶת יְהֹוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. הַמַּפְלִיא לַעֲשׂוֹת בָּאָרֶץ, הַמְגַדֵּל אָדָם מֵרֶחֶם וַיַּעֲשֵׂהוּ בִּרְצוֹנוֹ.
Now bless ye the Lord, the God of Israel, Which doeth wonderously in the land. That bringeth up man from the womb; And maketh him according to his will.
Καὶ νῦν εὐλογήσατε τῷ Θεῷ πάντες τῷ μεγαλοποιοῦντι πάντη, τὸν ὑψοῦντα ἡμέρας ἡμῶν ἐκ μήτρας, καὶ ποιοῦντα μεθʼ ἡμῶν κατὰ τὸ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ.
Now therefore bless ye the God of all, Which only doeth wondrous things everywhere, Which exalteth our days from the womb, And dealeth with us according to his mercy.
23
יִתֵּן לָכֶם חָכְמַת לֵבָב, וִיהִי שָׁלוֹם בֵּינֵיכֶם.
May he give you wisdom of heart; And may there be (?) peace among you.
Δῴη ἡμῖν εὐφροσύνην καρδίας, καὶ γενέσθαι εἰρήνην ἐν ἡμέραις ἡμῶν ἐν Ἰσραὴλ κατὰ τὰς ἡμέρας τοῦ αἰῶνος,
He grant us joyfulness of heart, And that peace may be in our days in Israel forever:
24
יֵאָמֵן עִם שִׁמְעוֹן חַסְדּוֹ, וְיָקֶם לוֹ בְּרִית פִּינְחָס. אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִכָּרֵת לוֹ, וּלְזַרְעוֹ כִּימֵי שָׁמָיִם.
May his mercy stand fast with Simon; And may he confirm to him the covenant of Phinehas, Which he executed (?) unto him and unto his seed, As the days of heaven.
ἐμπιστεῦσαι μεθʼ ἡμῶν τὸ ἔλεος αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις αὐτοῦ λυτρωσάσθω ἡμᾶς.
That he would confirm his mercy with us, And deliver us at his time!
25
בִּשְׁנֵי גוֹיִם קָצָה נַפְשִׁי, וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁית אִינֶנּוּ עָם.
Two nations my soul abhorreth; And the third is no people:
Ἐν δυσὶν ἔθνεσι προσώχθισεν ἡ ψυχή μου, καὶ τὸ τρίτον οὐκ ἔστιν ἔθνος.
There be two manner of nations which my heart abhorreth, And the third is no nation:
26
יוֹשְׁבֵי שֵׂעִיר וּפְלֶשֶׁת, וְגוֹי נָבָל הַדָּר בִּשְׁכֶם.
The inhabitants of Seir and Philistia; And the foolish nation that dwelleth in Sichem.
Οἱ καθήμενοι ἐν ὄρει Σαμαρείας, Φυλιστιεὶμ καὶ ὁ λαὸς μωρὸς ὁ κατοικῶν ἐν Σικίμοις.
They that sit upon the mountain of Samaria, And they that dwell among the Philistines, And that foolish people that dwell in Shechem.
27
מוּסַר שֵׂכֶל וּמוֹשֵׁל אוֹפַנִּים, לְשִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יֵשׁוּעַ, בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר בֶּן סִירָא. אֲשֶׁר נִיבַּע בִּפְתוֹר לְבָן, וַאֲשֶׁר הִבִּיעַ בִּתְבוּנוֹת.
The instruction of understanding and proverbs fitly spoken (?) Of Simon, son of Jesus, son of Eleazar, son of Sira. Whose heart prophesied as with a harp (?); And who poured forth understanding.
Παιδείαν συνέσεως καὶ ἐπιστήμης ἐχάραξε ἐν τῷ βιβλίῳ, τούτῳ, Ἰησοῦς υἱὸς Σειρὰχ Ἱεροσολυμίτης, ὃς ἀνώμβρησε σοφίαν ἀπὸ καρδίας αὐτοῦ.
Jesus the son of Sirach of Jerusalem Hath written in this book the instruction Of understanding and knowledge, Who out of his heart poured forth wisdom.
28
אַשְׁרֵי אִישׁ בְּאֵלֶּה יֶהְגֶּה, וְנוֹתֵן עַל לִבּוֹ יֶחְכָּם.
Happy is the man that meditateth on these; And he that layeth them to his heart shall be wise. For the fear of the Lord is life.
Μακάριος ὃς ἐν τούτοις ἀναστραφήσεται, καὶ ὁ θεὶς αὐτὰ ἐπὶ καρδίαν αὐτοῦ σοφισθήσεται.
Blessed is he that shall be exercised in these things: And he that layeth them up in his heart shall become wise.
29
Ἐὰν γὰρ αὐτὰ ποιήσῃ, πρὸς πάντα ἰσχύσει, ὅτι φῶς Κυρίου τὸ ἴχνος αὐτοῦ. ΠΡΟΣΕΥΧΗ ἸΗΣΟΥ ΥΙΟΥ ΣΕΙΡΑΧ.
For if he do them, he shall be strong to all things: For the light of the Lord is his path.

How it works

A parallel reader for the Hebrew Bible and its oldest witnesses: the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint, each with an English translation where one is available.

Reading a chapter

Choose a book and chapter at the top, or type a reference into Go to (Isa 53:11, 1 Sam 3, sam 3:4, ii kgs 2, ben sira 51). Book names can be abbreviated; a name shared by numbered books (sam, kings, chr, macc) opens the first of them unless you add the number. The arrow keys move between chapters, and the address bar keeps a link to the verse you clicked, so you can bookmark or share a place.

Each row is one verse. Rows follow the Masoretic verse numbering, so the Hebrew, JPS and Samaritan columns line up exactly. The Septuagint is numbered differently in many places (Psalms, Jeremiah, Exodus 35–40, parts of Kings, Proverbs, Daniel, and dozens of chapter boundaries). Its verses are placed against their Masoretic counterparts, and a small tag such as 50:3 shows the Septuagint's own number when it differs. Greek verses that have no Masoretic counterpart (for example the Prayer of Azariah in Daniel 3) appear in reading order as separate rows marked LXX.

Columns

The chips at the top switch columns on and off. Drag a chip (or a column heading) to reorder; with a chip focused, the ← → keys move it. Your choice is remembered. The Samaritan columns appear only in Genesis–Deuteronomy; the scrolls column appears wherever a manuscript survives, including Ben Sira. Columns marked † are licensed for non-commercial use only.

Words: lexicon and concordance

Hover over any Hebrew word (Masoretic, Samaritan or scroll) or any Greek word to see its dictionary form, Strong's number, a short gloss and its grammar. Click the word to open the concordance on the right: the full lexicon entry, then every occurrence, grouped by book — for Hebrew, separately for the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch and the scrolls (with the manuscript named). Click a reference to go there; every form of the word in the chapter is highlighted. You can also type a word or a Strong's number into Lexicon at the top.

In the Masoretic text, a Ketiv (the written form, unpointed) is shown in grey immediately before its Qere (the form read aloud); both carry the Qere's dictionary entry.

Variants

The Samaritan Pentateuch and every scroll are compared word by word with the Masoretic text of the same verse:

In the scrolls, letters in brackets are a modern editor's reconstruction and are never counted as variants; letters with a dotted overline are uncertain; ◦ is a trace of an unreadable letter. Manuscripts written in paleo-Hebrew script, and divine names that square-script scrolls write in paleo-Hebrew, are shown in paleo-Hebrew letters (switchable under Display). Hover a manuscript to see its edition. Display → Dead Sea Scrolls can hide the manuscripts that agree with the Masoretic text, or strip the reconstructions to show only what survives.

The comparison is automatic. It aligns words by spelling, so a transposition or a long rewritten passage can be marked imperfectly, and the spelling rule cannot tell a suffix from a vowel letter. Treat the colours as a finding aid and check a critical edition before building an argument on a reading.

Books outside the Hebrew Bible

Besides the Septuagint-only books, the book list has 1 Enoch and Jubilees (“Other ancient books”), shown in R. H. Charles's English with the Qumran copies beside them, and Psalms has a chapter 151. Their scroll copies — like those of Tobit and Ben Sira — have no verse numbers in the data: each fragment is placed by its published identification, and its lines are spread over those verses, so treat the exact verse boundaries as approximate. Aramaic copies (Tobit 4Q196–199 and all of Enoch) are marked “Aramaic” and have no word lookups.

Rabbinic citations

The small ❝ under a verse number opens the passages of rabbinic literature that cite that verse — Mishnah, Tosefta, both Talmuds, Midrash, Targum and Kabbalah (and, if you tick the box, later halakhah, liturgy and thought) — fetched live from Sefaria, so it needs an internet connection. Each passage is listed with Sefaria's date for the work it comes from and a link to read it there. Sefaria's links include allusions and discussions as well as quotations; those it classes as quotations are marked. It works for the Hebrew Bible, Ben Sira (by Kahana's numbering, e.g. the Talmud's quotations of Ben Sira), Tobit and Jubilees. For 1 Enoch, which the rabbis do not quote, it lists instead the Zohar's passages about a “Book of Enoch”.

How the Septuagint is aligned

Each Greek verse is placed by combining three things: the standard table of Septuagint–Masoretic verse correspondences (SIL's lxx.vrs), the table of Masoretic–English numbering differences, and a comparison of the English of Brenton's Septuagint with the JPS English, which confirms each pairing and catches displaced verses. Where no Masoretic verse is similar enough, the Greek verse stands on its own row.

The Greek word data

No openly licensed word-by-word analysis of Brenton's Greek exists, so each Greek word is matched to the most frequent analysis of the same form in the openly licensed Swete Septuagint (Morpheus parser), then to a lexicon entry. About 95% of words are identified. Parses of ambiguous forms (e.g. αὐτοῦ, τοῦ) can be wrong; the card says "automatic parse" as a reminder.

About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this site, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org. Their placement was made for this site by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

† Licensed for non-commercial use only. Full credits and licences: Credits and licences.