Textorah

Ben Sira 11

1
חָכְמַת דַּל תִּשָּׂא רֹאשׁוֹ, וּבֵין נְדִיבִים תּוֹשִׁיבֶנּוּ.
A poor person’s wisdom will raise up his head, and it will seat him in the midst of nobles.
Σοφία ταπεινοῦ ἀνύψωσε κεφαλὴν, καὶ ἐν μέσῳ μεγιστάνων καθίσει αὐτόν.
Wisdom lifteth up the head of him that is of low degree, And maketh him to sit among great men.
2
אַל תְּהַלֵּלו אָדָם בְּתָאֳרוֹ, וְאַל תְּתַעֵב אָדָם מְכוֹעָר בְּמַרְאֵהוּ.
Do not praise a man for his appearance, and do not loathe a man ugly in look.
Μὴ αἰνέσεις ἄνδρα ἐν κάλλει αὐτοῦ, καὶ μὴ βδελύξῃ ἄνθρωπον ἐν ὁράσει αὐτοῦ.
Commend not a man for his beauty; Neither abhor a man for his outward appearance.
3
אֱלִיל בְּעוֹף דְּבֹרָה וְרֹאשׁ תְּנוּבוֹת פּרִיָהּ.
Small among the flying is the bee, and first among all fruitage is her produce [honey].
Μικρὰ ἐν πετεινοῖς μέλισσα, καὶ ἀρχὴ γλυκασμάτων ὁ καρπὸς αὐτῆς.
The bee is little among such as fly; But her fruit is the chief of sweet things.
4
מַעֲטֶה אֹבֵד אַל תְּהַתֵּל, וְאַל תְּקַלֵּס בִּמְרִירֵי יוֹם. כִּי פְלָאוֹת מַעֲשֵׂי יי, וְנֶעְלָם מֵאָדָם פָּעֳלוֹ.
A lost mantle do not mock, and do not decry in the bitterness of day. [Alternative: Do not scoff at the ones whose day is bitter.] Because the works of the Lord are a wonder, and his works are hidden from humans.
Ἐν περιβολῇ ἱματίων μὴ καυχήσῃ, καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ δόξης μὴ ἐπαίρου, ὅτι θαυμαστὰ τὰ ἔργα Κυρίου, καὶ κρυπτὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτοῦ ἐν ἀνθρώποις.
Boast not of thy clothing and raiment, And exalt not thyself in the day of honor: For the works of the Lord are wonderful, And his works among men are hidden.
5
Πολλοὶ τύραννοι ἐκάθισαν ἐπὶ ἐδάφους, ὁ δὲ ἀνυπονόητος ἐφόρεσε διάδημα.
Many kings have sat down upon the ground; And one that was never thought of hath worn the crown.
6
רַבִּים נִדְכָּאִים יָשְׁבוּ עַל כִּסֵּא, וּבַל עָלוּ עַל לֵב עָטוּ צְנִיף. רַבִּים נִשָּׂאִים נִקְלוּ מְאֹד, וְהִשְׁפִּלוּ יַחַד, וְגַם נִכְבָּדִים נִתְּנוּ בְיָד.
Many oppressed ones sat on the throne; and those not thought of wrapped in a [priestly] turban. Many powerful people were dishonored greatly, and lowered too, and illustrious ones were delivered into the hands of others.
Πολλοὶ δυνάσται ἠτιμάσθησαν σφόδρα, καὶ ἔνδοξοι παρεδόθησαν εἰς χεῖρας ἑτέρων.
Many mighty men have been greatly disgraced; And the honorable delivered into other men’s hands.
7
Πρὶν ἐξετάσῃς μὴ μέμψῃ· νόησον πρῶτον καὶ τότε ἐπιτιμα.
Blame not before thou hast examined the truth: Understand first, and then rebuke.
8
בְּטֶרֶם תַּחְקוֹר אַל תְּסַלֵּף, בַּקֵּר לְפָנִים וְאַחַר תַּזִּיף. בְּנִי אַל תָּשִׁיב דָּבָר טֶרֶם תִּשְׁמָע, וּבְתוֹךְ שִׂיחָה אַל תְּדַבֵּר.
Before investigation, do not overrule; inspect internally, and then chastise [Alternative: lend]. My Son, before listening, do not answer, and in the middle of speaking, do not interrupt.
Πρὶν ἢ ἀκοῦσαι μὴ ἀποκρίνου, καὶ ἐν μέσῳ λόγων μὴ παρεμβάλλου.
Answer not before thou hast heard the cause: Neither interrupt men in the midst of their talk.
9
Περὶ πράγματος οὗ οὐκ ἔστι σοι χρεία, μὴ ἔριζε, καὶ ἐν κρίσει ἁμαρτωλῶν μὴ συνέδρευε.
Strive not in a matter that concerneth thee not; And sit not in judgment with sinners.
10
בְּאֵין עַצָּבָה אַל תִּתְחָר, וּבְרִיב זֵדִים אַל תְּקוֹמֵם. בְּנִי לָמָּה תַרְבֶּה עֶשְׁקֶךָ, וְאֵין לְהַרְבּוֹת לֹא יִנָּקֶה
If you aren't wounded, do not kindle a dispute, and in a trial of sinners, do not stand. My son, why add to your contentions? Do not multiply them; you won't be saved.
Τέκνον, μὴ περὶ πολλὰ ἔστωσαν αἱ πράξεις σου· ἐὰν πληθυνῇς, οὐκ ἀθωωθήσῃ· καὶ ἐὰν διώκῃς, οὐ μὴ καταλάβῃς, καὶ οὐ μὴ ἐκφύγῃς διαδράς.
My son, meddle not with many matters: For if thou meddle much, thou shalt not be innocent; And if thou follow after, thou shalt not obtain, Neither shalt thou escape by fleeing.
11
Ἔστι κοπιῶν καὶ πονῶν καὶ σπεύδων, καὶ τόσῳ μᾶλλον ὑστερεῖται.
There is one that laboreth, and taketh pains, and maketh haste, And is so much the more behind.
12
בְּנִי אִם לֹא תָּרוּץ לֹא תגִּיעַ, וְאִם לֹא תְּבַקֵּשׁ לֹא תִמְצָא. יֵשׁ עָמֵל וְיָגֵעַ וָרָץ, וּכְדֵי כֵן הוּא מִתְאַחֵר. יֵשׁ רֹשֵׁשׁ וְאֹבֵד מְהַלֵּךְ, חֲסַר כֹּל וְיוֹתֵר אִישׁ עָנִי. וְעֵין יי צָפַתְהוּ לְטוֹב, וַיְנַעֲרֵהוּ מֵעֲפַר צַחֲנָה.
My son, if you do not pursue, you will not attain, and if you do not search, you will not find. There exists one who toils and struggles and hurries, and nevertheless he is late. There're those who are crushed and in despair walk, lacking all, and moreover are poor. And the eyes of the Lord looked upon him for good, and shook off his dusty stench.
Ἔστι νωθρὸς καὶ προσδεόμενος ἀντιλήψεως, ὑστερῶν ἰσχύϊ, καὶ πτωχείᾳ περισσεύει, καὶ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ Κυρίου ἐπέβλεψαν αὐτῷ εἰς ἀγαθὰ, καὶ ἀνώρθωσεν αὐτὸν ἐκ ταπεινώσεως αὐτοῦ·
Again, there is another that is slow, and hath need of help, Wanting ability, and full of poverty; Yet the eye of the Lord looked upon him for good, And set him up from his low estate,
13
נָשָׂא בְּרֹאשׁוֹ וַיְרֹמְמֵהוּ, וַיִּתְמְהוּ עָלָיו רַבִּים.
Carried up by his head and lifted him, and many were perplexed.
Καὶ ἀνύψωσε κεφαλὴν αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀπεθαύμασαν ἐπʼ αὐτῷ πολλοί.
And lifted up his head from misery; So that many that saw it marveled at him.
14
טוֹב וְרַע חַיִּים וָמָוֶת, רֵישׁ וְעֹשֶׁר מֵיי הוּא. חָכְמָה וְשֶׂכֶל וְהָבִין דָּבָר מֵיי הוּא, חֵטְא וּדְרָכִים יְשָׁרִים מֵיי הוּא. שִׂכְלוּת וְחֹשֶׁךְ לְפוֹשְׁעִים נוֹצְרָה, וּמְרֵעִים רָעָה עִמָּם.
Good and bad, life and death, penury and wealth are from the Lord. Wisdom, intelligence, and perceptivity are from the Lord, sin and straight paths are from the Lord. Foolishness and darkness had been created for sinners, and along with it, evil friends.
Ἀγαθὰ καὶ κακά, ζωὴ καὶ θάνατος, πτωχεία καὶ πλοῦτος παρὰ Κυρίου ἐστί.
Prosperity and adversity, life and death, Poverty and riches, come of the Lord.
17
מַתַּן צַדִּיק יַעֲמֹד לִירֵאָיו, וּרְצוֹנוֹ יִצְלַח לָעַד.
The estate of righteousness shall remains with his fearful, and his wants shall eternally succeed .
Δόσις Κυρίου παραμένει εὐσεβέσι, καὶ ἡ εὐδοκία αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα εὐοδωθήσεται.
The gift of the Lord remaineth with the godly, And his favor bringeth prosperity forever.
18
יֵשׁ מִתְעַשּׁר מֵהִתְעַנּוֹת, וְזֶה יְחַיֵּב שְׂכָרוֹ.
There exists one who becomes rich from his suffering, and this obligates this reward:
Ἔστι πλουτῶν ἀπὸ προσοχῆς καὶ σφιγγίας αὐτοῦ, καὶ αὕτη ἡ μερὶς τοῦ μισθοῦ αὐτοῦ.
There is that waxeth rich by his wariness and pinching, And this is the portion of his reward:
19
וּבְעֵת יֹאמַר מָצָאתִי נַחַת, וְעַתָּה אֹכַל מִטּוֹבָתִי. לֹא יָדַע מָה כִּי בָא חֲלֹף, וַעֲזָבוֹ לְאַחֵר וּמֵת. בְּנִי עֲמוֹד בְּחֻקֶּךָ וּבוֹ הִתְהַלֵּךְ, וּבִמְלָאכְתְּךָ הִתְיַשֶּׁן. אַל תִּתְמַה בְּעוֹשֵׂי רָע, תָּרוּץ לַיי וְקַוֵּה לְאוֹרוֹ.
In time, he will say: “I have found rest, and now I will eat of my good.” He does not know what's to come and pass, and he'll leave them to others and die. My son, stand on your principles, and walk with it, and in your work take hold strong. Do not wonder at the doings of evil, run to the Lord, and await his light.
Ἐν τῷ εἰπεῖν αὐτὸν, εὗρον ἀνάπαυσιν, καὶ νῦν φάγωμαι ἐκ τῶν ἀγαθῶν μου, καὶ οὐκ οἶδε τίς καιρὸς παρελεύσεται, καὶ καταλείψει αὐτὰ ἑτέροις, καὶ ἀποθανεῖται.
Whereas he saith, I have found rest, And now will eat continually of my goods; And [yet] he knoweth not what time shall come upon him, And that he must leave those things to others, and die.
20
Στῆθι ἐν διαθήκῃ σου καὶ ὁμίλει ἐν αὐτῇ, καὶ ἐν τῷ ἔργῳ σου παλαιώθητι.
Be steadfast in thy covenant, and be conversant therein, And wax old in thy work.
21
כִּי נֹכַח בְּעֵינֵי יי, בְּפֶתַע פִּתְאֹם לְהַעֲשִׁיר דָּל.
Because all is in front of the Lord eyes, to suddenly and quickly, make a needy person rich.
Μὴ θαύμαζε ἐν ἔργοις ἁμαρτωλοῦ, πίστευε τῷ Κυρίῳ καὶ ἔμμενε τῷ πόνῳ σου· ὅτι κοῦφον ἐν ὀφθαλμοῖς Κυρίου διὰ τάχους ἐξάπινα πλουτίσαι πένητα.
Marvel not at the works of sinners; But trust in the Lord, and abide in thy labor: For it is an easy thing in the sight of the Lord on the sudden to make a poor man rich.
22
בִּרְכַּת אֵל גּוֹרָל צַדִּיק, וּבְעֵת תִּקְוָתוֹ תִּפְרָח.
The Lord’s blessing is the righteous' lot, and in his hopeful time his good pleasure sprout.
Εὐλογία Κυρίου ἐν μισθῷ εὐσεβοῦς, καὶ ἐν ὥρᾳ ταχινῇ ἀναθάλλει εὐλογίαν αὐτοῦ.
The blessing of the Lord is in the reward of the godly, And suddenly he maketh his blessing to flourish.
23
אַל תֹּאמַר הִנֵּה כִי עָשִׂיתִי חֶפְצִי, וּמֶה עַתָּה יֵעָזֵב לִי.
Do not say, “ill do as I wish, And if he forsakes me, what now?...
Μὴ εἴπῃς, τίς ἐστί μου χρεία; καὶ τίνα ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν ἔσται μου τὰ ἀγαθά;
Say not, What profit is there of my service? And what good things shall I have hereafter?
24
אַל תֹּאמַר דַּיִּי לְפָנַי, מַה אָסוֹן יְהִי עָלָי.
Do not say, “I have enough, and what calamity can occur to me?”
Μὴ εἴπῃς, αὐτάρκη μοι ἐστὶ, καὶ τί ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν κακωθήσομαι;
Again, say not, I have enough, and possess many things, And what evil can come to me hereafter?
25
טוֹב יוֹם תִּשָּכַח רָעָה, וְרָע יוֹם תִּשָׁכַח טוֹבָה, וְאַחֲרִית אָדָם תִּהְיֶה עָלָיו.
In a day of prosperity, you'll forget adversity, and in a day of adversity, you'll forget good, and the end of man will be on the Lord.
Ἐν ἡμέρᾳ ἀγαθῶν ἀμνησία κακῶν, καὶ ἐν ἡμέρᾳ κακῶν οὐ μνησθήσεται ἀγαθῶν·
In the day of prosperity there is a forgetfulness of affliction: And in the day of affliction there is no more remembrance of prosperity.
26
ὅτι κοῦφον ἔναντι Κυρίου ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τελευτῆς ἀποδοῦναι ἀνθρώπῳ κατὰ τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ.
For it is an easy thing unto the Lord in the day of death To reward a man according to his ways.
27
עֵת רָעָה תְּשַׁכֵּח תַּעֲנוּג, וְסוֹף אָדָם יַגִּיד עָלָיו.
A bad time and you'll forget pleasure, and in a person’s end he will tell of the Lord.
Κάκωσις ὥρας ἐπιλησμονὴν ποιεῖ τρυφῆς, καὶ ἐν συντελείᾳ ἀνθρώπου ἀποκάλυψις ἔργων αὐτοῦ.
The affliction of an hour maketh a man forget pleasure: And in his end his deeds shall be discovered.
28
בְּטֶרֶם תַּחְקֹר אָדָם אַל תְּאַשְּׁרֵהוּ, כִּי בְּאַחֲרִיתוֹ יְאֻשַּׁר אָדָם. לִפְנֵי מָוֶת אַל תְּאַשֶּׁר גָּבֶר, כִּי בְּאַחֲרִיתוֹ יִנָּכֵר אִישׁ.
Before inspecting man, to not praise him, for in his end man will be straightened [in a coffin]. Before death praise no strongman, for in his end he'll bad deeds will be known.
Πρὸ τελευτῆς μὴ μακάριζε μηδένα, καὶ ἐν τέκνοις αὐτῶυ γνωσθήσεται ἀνήρ.
Judge none blessed before his death: For a man shall be known in his children.
29
[מְנַע רַבִּים מִתּוֹךְ בֵּיתֶךָ], וְלֹא כָל אִישׁ לְהָבִיא אֶל בַּיִת, [אוֹרְבִים וְכֵן נוֹכְלִים רַבִּים הֵם]. וּמָה רַבּוּ פִּצְעֵי רוֹכֵל, [הַמַּרְגִּילִים לִדְבַר עֶרְוָה]. [כְּנִיצוֹץ מַבְעִיר גַּחֶלֶת], כִּכְלוּב מָלֵא עוֹף, כֵּן בָּתֵּיהֶם מְלֵאִים מִרְמָה. כְּעוֹף אָחוּז בִּכְלוּב לֵב גֵּאֵה, וְכִזְאֵב אֹרֵב לַטֶּרֶף. מַה יִּרְבּוּ פִּשְׁעֵי בוֹצֵעַ, כְּכֶלֶב הוּא בָא לְכָל בַּיִת וְחוֹמֵס.
And estrange thee to them that are dear to thee. Many have been the wounded peddlers, who accustom [similar to 'pearls;] themselves to licentiousness. [Rashi Yevamot 63b: referring to men who travel to sell women’s jewelry. Their frequent dealings with women lead their husbands to harm them. Note: Talmud breaks the sentence.] [Those who accustom themselves to licentiousness] are like a spark that ignites a coal. As a cage is full of birds, so are their houses full of deceit [Jeremiah 5:27]. A as a bird seized in a cage, so is the heart of haughtiness, and like a wolf ambushing his prey. What's gained by violent sinners, like a dog they come to each house wrathfully.
Μὴ πάντα ἄνθρωπον εἴσαγε εἰς τὸν οἶκόν σου, πολλὰ γὰρ τὰ ἔνεδρα τοῦ δολίου.
Bring not every man into thy house: For the deceitful man hath many trains.
30
כֵּן בּוֹצֵעַ בָּא, וּמֵשִׂים רִיב לְכָל שִׁבְתָּם. אוֹרֵב הָרוֹכֵל כְּדוֹב לְבֵית לֵצִים, וְכִמְרַגֵּל יִרְאֶה עֶרְוָה.
So the covetous comes, increasing strife to all the inhabitants. The ambush of the gossiper is like a bear to the house of scorners, and like a spy he searches for licentiousness.
Πέρδιξ θηρευτὴς ἐν καρτάλλῳ, οὕτως καρδία ὑπερηφάνου, καὶ ὡς ὁ κατάσκοπος ἐπιβλέπει πτῶσιν.
Like as a partridge taken [and kept] in a cage, so is the heart of the proud: And like as a spy, watcheth he for thy fall:
31
טוֹב לְרָע יַהֲפֹךְ נִרְגָּן, וּבְמַחֲמַדֶּיךָ יִתֵּן קָשֶׁר.
From good to bad will he turn your crowds, and on your precious things he will conspire.
Τὰ γὰρ ἀγαθὰ εἰς κακὰ μεταστρέφων ἐνεδρεύει, καὶ ἐν τοῖς αἱρετοῖς ἐπιθήσει μῶμον.
For he lieth in wait, and turneth good into evil, And in things worthy praise will lay blame upon thee.
32
מִנִּיצוֹץ יַרְבֶּה גַחֶלֶת, וְאִישׁ בְּלִיַעַל לְדָם יֶאֱרֹב.
From a spark of fire coals are multiplied, and a sinful person lies in ambush for blood.
Ἀπὸ σπινθῆρος πυρὸς πληθύνεται ἀνθρακία, καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἁμαρτωλὸς εἰς αἷμα ἐνεδρεύει.
Of a spark of fire a heap of coals is kindled: And a sinful man layeth wait for blood.
33
גּוּר מֵרַע כִּי רַע יוֹלִיד, לָמָּה מוּם עוֹלָם תִּשָּׁא. לֹא תִדְבַּק לְרָשָׁע וִיסַלֵּף דַּרְכֶּךָ, וְיַהֲפָכְךָ מִבְּרִיתֶךָ. מִשָּׁכֵן זָרִיז זָהִיר דַּרְכֶּךָ, [פֶּן יַפְרִיעַ שַׁלְוָתֶךָ], וִינַכֶּרְךָ בְּמַחֲמַדֶּיךָ.
Be a stranger to evil, for evil births, why an eternal blemish carry. Attach thyself not to evil, to twist your ways, your covenant overturn [sim. drop]. From a foreign neighbor, heed your way; he may tear your tranquility, and become acquainted with your valuables.
Πρόσεχε ἀπὸ κακούργου, πονηρὰ γὰρ τεκταίνει, μήποτε μῶμον εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα δῷ σοι.
Take heed of a mischievous man, for he worketh wickedness: Lest he bring upon thee a perpetual blot.
34
Ἐνοίκισον ἀλλότριον, καὶ διαστρέψει σε ἐν ταραχαῖς, καὶ ἀπαλλοτριώσει σε τῶν ἰδίων σου.
Receive a stranger into thy house, and he will disturb thee, And turn thee out of thine own.

How it works

A parallel reader for the Hebrew Bible and its oldest witnesses: the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint, each with an English translation where one is available.

Reading a chapter

Choose a book and chapter at the top, or type a reference into Go to (Isa 53:11, 1 Sam 3, sam 3:4, ii kgs 2, ben sira 51). Book names can be abbreviated; a name shared by numbered books (sam, kings, chr, macc) opens the first of them unless you add the number. The arrow keys move between chapters, and the address bar keeps a link to the verse you clicked, so you can bookmark or share a place.

Each row is one verse. Rows follow the Masoretic verse numbering, so the Hebrew, JPS and Samaritan columns line up exactly. The Septuagint is numbered differently in many places (Psalms, Jeremiah, Exodus 35–40, parts of Kings, Proverbs, Daniel, and dozens of chapter boundaries). Its verses are placed against their Masoretic counterparts, and a small tag such as 50:3 shows the Septuagint's own number when it differs. Greek verses that have no Masoretic counterpart (for example the Prayer of Azariah in Daniel 3) appear in reading order as separate rows marked LXX.

Columns

The chips at the top switch columns on and off. Drag a chip (or a column heading) to reorder; with a chip focused, the ← → keys move it. Your choice is remembered. The Samaritan columns appear only in Genesis–Deuteronomy; the scrolls column appears wherever a manuscript survives, including Ben Sira. Columns marked † are licensed for non-commercial use only.

Words: lexicon and concordance

Hover over any Hebrew word (Masoretic, Samaritan or scroll) or any Greek word to see its dictionary form, Strong's number, a short gloss and its grammar. Click the word to open the concordance on the right: the full lexicon entry, then every occurrence, grouped by book — for Hebrew, separately for the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch and the scrolls (with the manuscript named). Click a reference to go there; every form of the word in the chapter is highlighted. You can also type a word or a Strong's number into Lexicon at the top.

In the Masoretic text, a Ketiv (the written form, unpointed) is shown in grey immediately before its Qere (the form read aloud); both carry the Qere's dictionary entry.

Variants

The Samaritan Pentateuch and every scroll are compared word by word with the Masoretic text of the same verse:

In the scrolls, letters in brackets are a modern editor's reconstruction and are never counted as variants; letters with a dotted overline are uncertain; ◦ is a trace of an unreadable letter. Manuscripts written in paleo-Hebrew script, and divine names that square-script scrolls write in paleo-Hebrew, are shown in paleo-Hebrew letters (switchable under Display). Hover a manuscript to see its edition. Display → Dead Sea Scrolls can hide the manuscripts that agree with the Masoretic text, or strip the reconstructions to show only what survives.

The comparison is automatic. It aligns words by spelling, so a transposition or a long rewritten passage can be marked imperfectly, and the spelling rule cannot tell a suffix from a vowel letter. Treat the colours as a finding aid and check a critical edition before building an argument on a reading.

Books outside the Hebrew Bible

Besides the Septuagint-only books, the book list has 1 Enoch and Jubilees (“Other ancient books”), shown in R. H. Charles's English with the Qumran copies beside them, and Psalms has a chapter 151. Their scroll copies — like those of Tobit and Ben Sira — have no verse numbers in the data: each fragment is placed by its published identification, and its lines are spread over those verses, so treat the exact verse boundaries as approximate. Aramaic copies (Tobit 4Q196–199 and all of Enoch) are marked “Aramaic” and have no word lookups.

Rabbinic citations

The small ❝ under a verse number opens the passages of rabbinic literature that cite that verse — Mishnah, Tosefta, both Talmuds, Midrash, Targum and Kabbalah (and, if you tick the box, later halakhah, liturgy and thought) — fetched live from Sefaria, so it needs an internet connection. Each passage is listed with Sefaria's date for the work it comes from and a link to read it there. Sefaria's links include allusions and discussions as well as quotations; those it classes as quotations are marked. It works for the Hebrew Bible, Ben Sira (by Kahana's numbering, e.g. the Talmud's quotations of Ben Sira), Tobit and Jubilees. For 1 Enoch, which the rabbis do not quote, it lists instead the Zohar's passages about a “Book of Enoch”.

How the Septuagint is aligned

Each Greek verse is placed by combining three things: the standard table of Septuagint–Masoretic verse correspondences (SIL's lxx.vrs), the table of Masoretic–English numbering differences, and a comparison of the English of Brenton's Septuagint with the JPS English, which confirms each pairing and catches displaced verses. Where no Masoretic verse is similar enough, the Greek verse stands on its own row.

The Greek word data

No openly licensed word-by-word analysis of Brenton's Greek exists, so each Greek word is matched to the most frequent analysis of the same form in the openly licensed Swete Septuagint (Morpheus parser), then to a lexicon entry. About 95% of words are identified. Parses of ambiguous forms (e.g. αὐτοῦ, τοῦ) can be wrong; the card says "automatic parse" as a reminder.

About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this site, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org. Their placement was made for this site by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

† Licensed for non-commercial use only. Full credits and licences: Credits and licences.