Textorah

Bel and the Dragon 1

1
ΚΑΙ ὁ βασιλεὺς Ἀστυάγης προσετέθη πρὸς τοὺς πατέρας αὐτοῦ· καὶ παρέλαβε Κύρος ὁ Πέρσης τὴν βασιλείαν αὐτοῦ.
And King Astyages was gathered to his fathers, and Cyrus of Persia received his kingdom.
2
Καὶ ἦν Δανιὴλ συμβιωτὴς τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ ἔνδοξος ὑπὲρ πάντας τοὺς φίλους αὐτοῦ.
And Daniel conversed with the king, and was honored above all his friends.
3
Καὶ ἦν εἴδωλον τοῖς Βαβυλωνίοις ᾧ ὄνομα Βὴλ, καὶ ἐδαπανῶντο εἰς αὐτὸν ἑκάστης ἡμέρας σεμιδάλεως ἀρτάβαι δώδεκα, καὶ πρόβατα τεσσαράκοντα, καὶ οἴνου μετρηταὶ ἕξ.
Now the Babylonians had an idol, called Bel, and there were spent upon him every day twelve great measures of fine flour, and forty sheep, and six vessels of wine.
4
Καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐσέβετο αὐτὸν, καὶ ἐπορεύετο καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν προσκυνεῖν αὐτῷ. Δανιὴλ δὲ προσεκύνει τῷ Θεῷ αὐτοῦ· καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεὺς, διατί οὐ προσκυνεῖς τῷ Βήλ;
And the king worshiped it, and went daily to adore it: but Daniel worshiped his own God. And the king said unto him, Why dost not thou worship Bel?
5
Ὁ δὲ εἶπεν, ὅτι οὐ σέβομαι εἴδωλα χειροποίητα, ἀλλὰ τὸν ζῶντα Θεὸν, τὸν κτίσαντα τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ τὴν γῆν καὶ ἔχοντα πάσης σαρκὸς κυρείαν.
Who answered and said, Because I may not worship idols made with hands, but the living God, who hath created the heaven and the earth, and hath sovereignty over all flesh.
6
Καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ ὁ βασιλεὺς, οὐ δοκεῖ σοι Βὴλ εἶναι ζῶν θεός; ἢ οὐχ ὁρᾷς ὅσα ἐσθίει καὶ πίνει καθʼ ἑκάστην ἡμέραν;
Then said the king unto him, Thinkest thou not that Bel is a living god? seest thou not how much he eateth and drinketh every day?
7
Καὶ εἶπε Δανιὴλ γελάσας, μὴ πλανῶ, βασιλεῦ, οὗτος γὰρ ἔσωθεν μέν ἐστι πηλὸς, ἔξωθεν δὲ χαλκὸς, καὶ οὐ βέβρωκεν οὐδέποτε.
Then Daniel smiled, and said, O king, be not deceived: for this is but clay within, and brass without, and did never eat or drink anything.
8
Θυμωθεὶς δὲ ὁ βασιλεὺς ἐκάλεσε τοὺς ἱερεῖς αὐτοῦ· καὶ εἶπεν αὐτοῖς ἐὰν μὴ εἴποιτέ μοι τίς ὁ κατέσθων τὴν δαπάνην ταύτην, ἀποθανεῖσθε.
So the king was wroth, and called for his priests, and said unto them, If ye tell me not who this is that devoureth these expenses, ye shall die.
9
Ἐὰν δὲ δείξητε ὅτι Βὴλ κατεσθίει αὐτὰ, ὁ Δανιὴλ ἀποθανεῖται, ὅτι ἐβλασφήμησεν εἰς τὸν Βήλ· καὶ εἶπε Δανιὴλ τῷ βασιλεῖ, γινέσθω κατὰ τὸ ῥῆμά σου.
But if ye can certify me that Bel devoureth them, then Daniel shall die: for he hath spoken blasphemy against Bel. And Daniel said unto the king, Let it be according to thy word.
10
Καὶ ἦσαν ἱερεῖς τοῦ Βὴλ ἑβδομήκοντα ἐκτὸς γυναικῶν καὶ τέκνων· καὶ ἦλθεν ὁ βασιλεὺς μετὰ Δανιὴλ εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Βήλ.
Now the priests of Bel were threescore and ten, beside their wives and children. And the king went with Daniel into the temple of Bel.
11
Καὶ εἶπαν οἱ ἱερεῖς τοῦ Βὴλ, ἰδοὺ ἡμεῖς ἀποτρέχομεν ἔξω, σὺ δὲ, βασιλεῦ, παράθες τὰ βρώματα, καὶ τὸν οἶνον κεράσας θὲς, καὶ ἀπόκλεισον τὴν θύραν, καὶ σφράγισον τῷ δακτυλίῳ σου.
So Bel’s priests said, Lo, we go out: but thou, O king, set on the meat, and make ready the wine, and shut the door fast, and seal it with thine own signet;
12
Καὶ ἐλθὼν πρωῒ, ἐὰν μὴ εὕρῃς πάντα βεβρωμένα ὑπὸ τοῦ Βὴλ, ἀποθανούμεθα· ἢ Δανιὴλ ὁ ψευδόμενος καθʼ ἡμῶν.
and tomorrow when thou comest in, if thou findest not that Bel hath eaten up all, we will suffer death: or else Daniel, that speaketh falsely against us.
13
Αὐτοὶ δὲ κατεφρόνουν, ὅτι πεποιήκεισαν ὑπὸ τὴν τράπεζαν κεκρυμμένην εἴσοδον, καὶ διʼ αὐτῆς εἰσεπορεύοντο διόλου, καὶ ἀνήλουν αὐτά.
And they little regarded it: for under the table they had made a privy entrance, whereby they entered in continually, and consumed those things.
14
Καὶ ἐγένετο ὡς ἐξήλθοσαν ἐκεῖνοι, καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς παρέθηκε τὰ βρώματα τῷ Βήλ· καὶ ἐπέταξε Δανιὴλ τοῖς παιδαρίοις αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἤνεγκαν τέφραν· καὶ κατέσεισαν ὅλον τὸν ναὸν ἐνώπιον τοῦ βασιλέως μόνου· καὶ ἐξελθόντες ἔκλεισαν τὴν θύραν, καὶ ἐσφραγίσαντο ἐν τῷ δακτυλίῳ τοῦ βασιλέως, καὶ ἀπῆλθον.
So when they were gone forth, the king set meats before Bel. Now Daniel had commanded his servants to bring ashes, and those they strewed throughout all the temple in the presence of the king alone: then went they out, and shut the door, and sealed it with the king’s signet, and so departed.
15
Οἱ δὲ ἱερεῖς ἦλθον τὴν νύκτα κατὰ τὸ ἔθος αὐτῶν, καὶ αἱ γυναῖκες αὐτῶν, καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν, καὶ κατέφαγον πάντα, καὶ ἐξέπιον.
Now in the night came the priests with their wives and children, as they were wont to do, and did eat and drink up all.
16
Καὶ ὤρθρισεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τὸ πρωῒ, καὶ Δανιὴλ μετʼ αὐτοῦ.
In the morning betime the king arose, and Daniel with him.
17
Καὶ εἶπε, σῶοι αἱ σφραγίδες Δανιήλ; ὁ δὲ εἶπε, σῶοι, βασιλεῦ.
And the king said, Daniel, are the seals whole? And he said, Yea, O king, they be whole.
18
Καὶ ἐγένετο ἅμα τῷ ἀνοῖξαι τὰς θύρας, ἐπιβλέψας ἐπὶ τὴν τράπεζαν ὁ βασιλεὺς, ἐβόησε φωνῇ μεγάλῃ, μέγας εἶ Βὴλ, καὶ οὐκ ἔστι παρὰ σοὶ δόλος οὐδὲ εἷς.
And as soon as he had opened the door, the king looked upon the table, and cried with a loud voice, Great art thou, O Bel, and with thee is no deceit at all.
19
Καὶ ἐγέλασε Δανιὴλ, καὶ ἐκράτησε τὸν βασιλέα, τοῦ μὴ εἰσελθεῖν αὐτὸν ἔσω· καὶ εἶπεν, ἴδε δὴ τὸ ἔδαφος, καὶ γνῶθι τίνος τὰ ἴχνη ταῦτα.
Then laughed Daniel, and held the king that he should not go in, and said, Behold now the pavement, and mark well whose footsteps are these.
20
Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς, ὁρῶ τὰ ἴχνη ἀνδρῶν, καὶ γυναικῶν, καὶ παιδίων· καὶ ὀργισθεὶς ὁ βασιλεὺς τότε συνέλαβε τοὺς ἱερεῖς, καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας,
And the king said, I see the footsteps of men, women, and children. And then the king was angry,
21
καὶ τὰ τέκνα αὐτῶν, καὶ ἔδειξαν αὐτῷ τὰς κρυπτὰς θύρας, διʼ ὧν εἰσεπορεύοντο, καὶ ἐδαπάνων τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς τραπέζης.
and took the priests with their wives and children, who showed him the private doors, where they came in, and consumed such things as were upon the table.
22
Καὶ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτοὺς ὁ βασιλεὺς, καὶ ἔδωκε τὸν Βὴλ ἔκδοτον τῷ Δανιήλ· καὶ κατέστρεψεν αὐτὸν καὶ τὸ ἱερὸν αὐτοῦ.
Therefore the king slew them, and delivered Bel into Daniel’s power, who destroyed him and his temple.
23
Καὶ ἦν Δράκων μέγας, καὶ ἐσέβοντο αὐτὸν οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι.
And in that same place there was a great dragon, which they of Babylon worshiped.
24
Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς τῷ Δανιὴλ, μὴ καὶ τοῦτον ἐρεῖς ὅτι χαλκοῦς ἐστιν; ἰδοὺ ζῇ, καὶ ἐσθίει, καὶ πίνει· οὐ δύνασαι εἰπεῖν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν οὗτος θεὸς ζῶν· καὶ προσκύνησον αὐτῷ.
And the king said unto Daniel, Wilt thou also say that this is of brass? lo, he liveth, he eateth and drinketh; thou canst not say that he is no living god: therefore worship him.
25
Καὶ εἶπε Δανιὴλ, Κυρίῳ τῷ Θεῷ μου προσκυνήσω, ὅτι οὗτός ἐστι Θεὸς ζῶν.
Then said Daniel unto the king, I will worship the Lord my God: for he is the living God.
26
Σὺ δὲ, βασιλεῦ, δός μοι ἐξουσίαν, καὶ ἀποκτενῶ τὸν δράκοντα ἄνευ μαχαίρας καὶ ῥάβδου· καὶ εἶπεν ὁ βασιλεὺς δίδωμί σοι.
But give me leave, O king, and I shall slay this dragon without sword or staff. The king said, I give thee leave.
27
Καὶ ἔλαβεν ὁ Δανιὴλ πίσσαν καὶ στέαρ καὶ τρίχας, καὶ ἥψησεν ἐπιτοαυτό· καὶ ἐποίησε μάζας, καὶ ἔδωκεν εἰς τὸ στόμα τοῦ δράκοντος, καὶ φαγὼν διεῤῥάγη ὁ δράκων· καὶ εἶπεν, ἴδετε τὰ σεβάσματα ὑμῶν.
Then Daniel took pitch, and fat, and hair, and did seethe them together, and made lumps thereof: this he put in the dragon’s mouth, and so the dragon burst in sunder: and Daniel said, Lo, these are the gods ye worship.
28
Καὶ ἐγένετο, ὡς ἤκουσαν οἱ Βαβυλώνιοι, ἠγανάκτησαν λίαν, καὶ συνεστράφησαν ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλέα, καὶ εἶπαν, Ἰουδαῖος γέγονεν ὁ βασιλεὺς, τὸν Βὴλ κατέσπασε, καὶ τὸν δράκοντα ἀπέκτεινε, καὶ τοὺς ἱερεῖς κατέσφαξε.
When they of Babylon heard that, they took great indignation, and conspired against the king, saying, The king is become a Jew, and he hath destroyed Bel, he hath slain the dragon, and put the priests to death.
29
Καὶ εἶπαν ἐλθόντες πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα, παράδος ἡμῖν τὸν Δανιήλ· εἰ δὲ μὴ, ἁποκτενοῦμέν σε, καὶ τὸν οἶκόν σου.
So they came to the king, and said, Deliver us Daniel, or else we will destroy thee and thy house.
30
Καὶ εἶδεν ὁ βασιλεὺς ὅτι ἐπείγουσιν αὐτὸν σφόδρα, καὶ ἀναγκασθεὶς ὁ βασιλεὺς παρέδωκεν αὐτοῖς τὸν Δανιήλ.
Now when the king saw that they pressed him sore, being constrained, he delivered Daniel unto them;
31
Οἱ δὲ ἔβαλον αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν λάκκον τῶν λεόντων, καὶ ἦν ἐκεῖ ἡμέρας ἕξ.
who cast him into the lions’ den: where he was six days.
32
Ἦσαν δὲ ἐν τῷ λάκκῳ ἑπτὰ λέοντες, καὶ ἐδίδοτο αὐτοῖς τὴν ἡμέραν δύο σώματα καὶ δύο πρόβατα· τότε δὲ οὐκ ἐδόθη αὐτοῖς, ἵνα καταφάγωσι τὸν Δανιήλ.
And in the den there were seven lions, and they had given them every day two carcasses, and two sheep: which then were not given to them, to the intent they might devour Daniel.
33
Καὶ ἦν Ἀμβακοὺμ ὁ προφήτης ἐν τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἥψησεν ἕψεμα, καὶ ἐνέθρυψεν ἄρτους εἰς σκάφην, καὶ ἑπορεύετο εἰς τὸ πεδίον ἀπενέγκαι τοῖς θερισταῖς.
Now there was in Jewry a prophet, called Habakkuk, who had made pottage, and had broken bread in a bowl, and was going into the field, for to bring it to the reapers.
34
Καὶ εἶπεν ὁ ἄγγελος Κυρίου τῷ Ἀμβακοὺμ, ἀπένεγκε τὸ ἄριστον ὃ ἔχεις εἰς Βαβυλῶνα τῷ Δανιὴλ εἰς τὸν λάκκον τῶν λεόντων.
But the angel of the Lord said unto Habakkuk, Go, carry the dinner that thou hast into Babylon unto Daniel, who is in the lions’ den.
35
Καὶ εἶπεν Ἀμβακοὺμ, Κύριε, Βαβυλῶνα οὐχ ἑώρακα, καὶ τὸν λάκκον οὐ γινώσκω.
And Habakkuk said, Lord, I never saw Babylon; neither do I know where the den is.
36
Καὶ ἐπελάβετο ὁ ἄγγελος Κυρίου τῆς κορυφῆς αὐτοῦ, καὶ βαστάσας τῆς κόμης τῆς κεφαλῆς αὐτοῦ, ἔθηκεν αὐτὸν εἰς Βαβυῶνα ἐπάνω τοῦ λάκκου, ἐν τῷ ῥοίζῳ τοῦ πνεύματος αὐτοῦ.
Then the angel of the Lord took him by the crown, and bare him by the hair of his head, and through the vehemency of his spirit set him in Babylon over the den.
37
Καὶ ἐβόησεν Ἀμβακοὺμ, λέγων, Δανιὴλ, Δανιὴλ, λάβε τὸ ἄριστον ὃ ἀπέστειλέ σοι ὁ Θεός.
And Habakkuk cried, saying, O Daniel, Daniel, take the dinner which God hath sent thee.
38
Καὶ εἶπε Δανιὴλ, ἐμνήσθης γάρ μου ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ οὐκ ἐγκατέλιπες τοὺς ἀγαπῶντάς σε.
And Daniel said, Thou hast remembered me, O God: neither hast thou forsaken them that seek thee and love thee.
39
Καὶ ἀναστὰς δανιὴλ, ἔφαγεν· ὁ δὲ ἄγγελος τοῦ ἀπεκατέστησε τὸν Ἀμβακοὺμ παραχρῆμα εἰς τὸν τόπον αὐτοῦ.
So Daniel arose, and did eat: and the angel of the Lord set Habakkuk in his own place again immediately.
40
Ὁ δὲ βασιλεὺς ἦλθε τῇ ἑβδόμῃ πενθῆσαι τὸν Δανιὴλ, καὶ ἦλθεν ἐπὶ τὸν λάκκον, καὶ ἐνέβλεψε, καὶ ἰδοὺ, Δανιὴλ καθήμενος.
Upon the seventh day the king went to bewail Daniel: and when he came to the den, he looked in, and, behold, Daniel was sitting.
41
Καὶ ἀναβοήσας φωνῇ μεγάλῃ, εἶπε, μέγας εἰ, Κύριε ὁ Θεὸς τοῦ Δανιὴλ, καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλος πλὴν σοῦ.
Then cried the king with a loud voice, saying, Great art thou, O Lord God of Daniel, and there is none other beside thee.
42
Καὶ ἀνέσπασεν αὐτόν· τοὺς δὲ αἰτίους τῆς ἀπωλείας αὐτοῦ ἐνέβαλεν εἰς τὸν λάκκον· καὶ κατεβρώθησαν παραχρῆμα ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ.
And he drew him out, and cast those that were the cause of his destruction into the den: and they were devoured in a moment before his face.

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Rabbinic citations

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How the Septuagint is aligned

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The Greek word data

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About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this app, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org, which states no licence, so it is only included when you download it yourself. Their placement was made for this app by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

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