Textorah

I Kings 11

1
וְהַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה אָהַב נָשִׁים נָכְרִיּוֹת רַבּוֹת וְאֶת־בַּת־פַּרְעֹה מוֹאֲבִיּוֹת עַמֳּנִיּוֹת אֲדֹמִיֹּת צֵדְנִיֹּת חִתִּיֹּת
Now king Solomon loved many foreign women, besides the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Zidonians, and Hittites;
Καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμὼν ἦν φιλογύνης. Καὶ ἦσαν αὐτῷ γυναῖκες ἄρχουσαι ἑπτακόσιαι, καὶ παλλακαὶ τριακόσιαι. Καὶ ἔλαβε γυναῖκας ἀλλοτρίας, καὶ τὴν θυγατέρα Φαραὼ, Μωαβίτιδας, Ἀμμανίτιδας, Σύρας, καὶ Ἰδουμαίας, Χετταίας, καὶ Ἀμοῤῥαίας,
And King Solomon was a lover of women. And he had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines. And he took strange women, as well as the daughter of Pharaoh, Moabitish, Ammonitish women, Syrians and Edomites, Hittites, and Amorites;
2
מִן־הַגּוֹיִם אֲשֶׁר אָמַר־יְהוָה אֶל־בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא־תָבֹאוּ בָהֶם וְהֵם לֹא־יָבֹאוּ בָכֶם אָכֵן יַטּוּ אֶת־לְבַבְכֶם אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהֵיהֶם בָּהֶם דָּבַק שְׁלֹמֹה לְאַהֲבָה
of the nations concerning which HaShem said unto the children of Israel: 'Ye shall not go among them, neither shall they come among you; for surely they will turn away your heart after their gods'; Solomon did cleave unto these in love.
ἐκ τῶν ἐθνῶν ὧν ἀπεῖπε Κύριος τοῖς υἱοῖς Ἰσραὴλ, οὐκ εἰσελεύσεσθε εἰς αὐτοὺς, καὶ αὐτοὶ οὐκ εἰσελεύσονται εἰς ὑμᾶς, μὴ ἐκκλίνωσι τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν ὀπίσω εἰδώλων αὐτῶν· εἰς αὐτοὺς ἐκολλήθη Σαλωμὼν τοῦ ἀγαπῆσαι.
of the nations concerning whom the Lord forbade the children of Israel, [saying], Ye shall not go in to them, and they shall not come in to you, lest they turn away your hearts after their idols: Solomon clove to these in love.
3
וַיְהִי־לוֹ נָשִׁים שָׂרוֹת שְׁבַע מֵאוֹת וּפִלַגְשִׁים שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת וַיַּטּוּ נָשָׁיו אֶת־לִבּוֹ
And he had seven hundred wives, princesses, and three hundred concubines; and his wives turned away his heart.
4
וַיְהִי לְעֵת זִקְנַת שְׁלֹמֹה נָשָׁיו הִטּוּ אֶת־לְבָבוֹ אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים וְלֹא־הָיָה לְבָבוֹ שָׁלֵם עִם־יְהוָה אֱלֹהָיו כִּלְבַב דָּוִיד אָבִיו
For it came to pass, when Solomon was old, that his wives turned away his heart after other gods; and his heart was not whole with HaShem his G-d, as was the heart of David his father.
Καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν καιρῷ γήρους Σαλωμὼν, καὶ οὖκ ἦν ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ τελεία μετὰ Κυρίου Θεοῦ αὐτοῦ, καθὼς ἡ καρδία Δαυὶδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ. Καὶ ἐξέκλιναν γυναῖκες αἱ ἀλλότριαι τὴν καρδίαν αὐτοῦ ὀπίσω θεῶν αὐτῶν.
And it came to pass in the time of the old age of Solomon, that his heart was not perfect with the Lord his God, as [was] the heart of David his father. And the strange women turned away his heart after their gods.
5
וַיֵּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה אַחֲרֵי עַשְׁתֹּרֶת אֱלֹהֵי צִדֹנִים וְאַחֲרֵי מִלְכֹּם שִׁקֻּץ עַמֹּנִים
For Solomon went after Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, and after Milcom the detestation of the Ammonites.
6
וַיַּעַשׂ שְׁלֹמֹה הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה וְלֹא מִלֵּא אַחֲרֵי יְהוָה כְּדָוִד אָבִיו
And Solomon did that which was evil in the sight of HaShem, and went not fully after HaShem, as did David his father.
καὶ ἐποίησε Σαλωμὼν τὸ πονηρὸν ἐνώπιον Κυρίου· οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ὀπίσω Κυρίου, ὡς Δαυὶδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ.
And Solomon did that which was evil in the sight of the Lord: he went not after the Lord, as David his father.
7
אָז יִבְנֶה שְׁלֹמֹה בָּמָה לִכְמוֹשׁ שִׁקֻּץ מוֹאָב בָּהָר אֲשֶׁר עַל־פְּנֵי יְרוּשָׁלָ͏ִם וּלְמֹלֶךְ שִׁקֻּץ בְּנֵי עַמּוֹן
Then did Solomon build a high place for Chemosh the detestation of Moab, in the mount that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech the detestation of the children of Ammon.
Τότε ᾠκοδόμησε Σαλωμὼν ὑψηλὸν τῷ Χαμὼς εἰδώλῳ Μωὰβ, καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν εἰδώλῳ υἱῶν Ἀμμὼν,
Then Solomon built a high place to Chemosh the idol of Moab, and to their king the idol of the children of Ammon,
6
καὶ τῇ Ἀστάρτῃ βδελύγματι Σιδωνίων.
and to Ashtoreth the abomination of the Sidonians.
8
וְכֵן עָשָׂה לְכָל־נָשָׁיו הַנָּכְרִיּוֹת מַקְטִירוֹת וּמְזַבְּחוֹת לֵאלֹהֵיהֶן
And so did he for all his foreign wives, who offered and sacrificed unto their gods.
Καὶ οὕτως ἐποίησε πάσαις ταῖς γυναιξὶν αὐτοῦ ταῖς ἀλλοτρίαις, αἳ ἐθυμίων καὶ ἔθυον τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν,
And thus he acted toward all his strange wives, who burned incense and sacrificed to their idols.
9
וַיִּתְאַנַּף יְהוָה בִּשְׁלֹמֹה כִּי־נָטָה לְבָבוֹ מֵעִם יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הַנִּרְאָה אֵלָיו פַּעֲמָיִם
And HaShem was angry with Solomon, because his heart was turned away from HaShem, the G-d of Israel, who had appeared unto him twice,
Καὶ ὠργίσθη Κύριος ἐπὶ Σαλωμὼν, ὅτι ἐξέκλινε καρδίαν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ Κυρίου Θεοῦ Ἰσραὴλ, τοῦ ὀφθέντος αὐτῷ δὶς,
And the Lord was angry with Solomon, because he turned away his heart from the Lord God of Israel, who had appeared twice to him,
10
וְצִוָּה אֵלָיו עַל־הַדָּבָר הַזֶּה לְבִלְתִּי־לֶכֶת אַחֲרֵי אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים וְלֹא שָׁמַר אֵת אֲשֶׁר־צִוָּה יְהוָה
and had commanded him concerning this thing, that he should not go after other gods; but he kept not that which HaShem commanded.
καὶ ἐντειλαμένου αὐτῷ ὑπὲρ τοῦ λόγου τούτου, τὸ παράπαν μὴ πορευθῆναι ὀπίσω θεῶν ἑτέρων, καὶ φυλάξασθαι ποιῆσαι ἃ ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ Κύριος ὁ Θεός· οὐδʼ ἦν ἡ καρδία αὐτοῦ τελεία μετὰ Κυρίου, κατὰ τὴν καρδίαν Δαυὶδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ.
and charged him concerning this matter, by no means to go after other gods, but to take heed to do what the Lord God commanded him; neither was his heart perfect with the Lord, according to the heart of David his father.
11
וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה לִשְׁלֹמֹה יַעַן אֲשֶׁר הָיְתָה־זֹּאת עִמָּךְ וְלֹא שָׁמַרְתָּ בְּרִיתִי וְחֻקֹּתַי אֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִי עָלֶיךָ קָרֹעַ אֶקְרַע אֶת־הַמַּמְלָכָה מֵעָלֶיךָ וּנְתַתִּיהָ לְעַבְדֶּךָ
Wherefore HaShem said unto Solomon: 'Forasmuch as this hath been in thy mind, and thou hast not kept My covenant and My statutes, which I have commanded thee, I will surely rend the kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant.
Καὶ εἶπε Κύριος πρὸς Σαλωμὼν, ἀνθʼ ὧν ἐγένετο ταῦτα μετὰ σοῦ, καὶ οὐκ ἐφύλαξας τὰς ἐντολάς μου καὶ τὰ προστάγματά μου ἃ ἐνετειλάμην σοι, διαῤῥήσσων διαῤῥήξω τὴν βασιλείαν σου ἐκ χειρός σου, καὶ δώσω αὐτὴν τῷ δούλῳ σου.
And the Lord said to Solomon, Because it has been thus with thee, and thou hast not kept my commandments and my ordinances which I commanded thee, I will surely rend thy kingdom out of thy hand, and give it to thy servant.
12
אַךְ־בְּיָמֶיךָ לֹא אֶעֱשֶׂנָּה לְמַעַן דָּוִד אָבִיךָ מִיַּד בִּנְךָ אֶקְרָעֶנָּה
Notwithstanding in thy days I will not do it, for David thy father's sake; but I will rend it out of the hand of thy son.
Πλὴν ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις σου οὐ ποιήσω αὐτὰ διὰ Δαυὶδ τὸν πατέρα σου· ἐκ χειρὸς υἱοῦ σου λήψομαι αὐτήν.
Only in thy days I will not do it for David thy father’s sake: [but] I will take it out of the hand of thy son.
13
רַק אֶת־כָּל־הַמַּמְלָכָה לֹא אֶקְרָע שֵׁבֶט אֶחָד אֶתֵּן לִבְנֶךָ לְמַעַן דָּוִד עַבְדִּי וּלְמַעַן יְרוּשָׁלַ͏ִם אֲשֶׁר בָּחָרְתִּי
Howbeit I will not rend away all the kingdom; but I will give one tribe to thy son; for David My servant's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake which I have chosen.'
Πλὴν ὅλην τὴν βασιλείαν οὐ μὴ λάβω· σκῆπτρον ἓν δώσω τῷ υἱῷ σου διὰ Δαυὶδ τὸν δοῦλόν μου, καὶ διὰ Ἱερουσαλὴμ τὴν πόλιν ἣν ἐξελεξάμην.
Only I will not take away the whole kingdom: I will give one tribe to thy son for David my servant’s sake, and for the sake of Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen.
14
וַיָּקֶם יְהוָה שָׂטָן לִשְׁלֹמֹה אֵת הֲדַד הָאֲדֹמִי מִזֶּרַע הַמֶּלֶךְ הוּא בֶּאֱדוֹם
And HaShem raised up an adversary unto Solomon, Hadad the Edomite; he was of the king's seed in Edom.
Καὶ ἤγειρε Κύριος σατὰν τῷ Σαλωμὼν τὸν Ἄδερ τὸν Ἰδουμαῖον, καὶ τὸν Ἐσρὼμ υἱὸν Ἐλιαδαὲ τὸν ἐν Ρααμὰ, Ἀδαδέζερ βασιλέα Σουβὰ κύριον αὐτοῦ· καὶ συνηθροίσθησαν ἐπʼ αὐτὸν ἄνδρες, καὶ ἦν ἄρχων συστρέμματος, καὶ προκατελάβετο τὴν Δαμασέκ· καὶ ἦσαν σατὰν τῷ Ἰσραὴλ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας Σαλωμών· καὶ Ἄδερ ὁ Ἰδουμαῖος ἐκ τοῦ σπέρματος τῆς βασιλείας ἐν Ἰδουμαίᾳ.
And the Lord raised up an enemy to Solomon, Hadad the Edomite, and Rezon son of Eliada who [dwelt] in Raama, [and] Hadadezer king of Zobah his master (and men gathered to him, and he was head of the conspiracy, and he seized on Damascus), and they were adversaries to Israel all the days of Solomon: and Hadad the Edomite [was] of the seed royal in Edom.
15
וַיְהִי בִּהְיוֹת דָּוִד אֶת־אֱדוֹם בַּעֲלוֹת יוֹאָב שַׂר הַצָּבָא לְקַבֵּר אֶת־הַחֲלָלִים וַיַּךְ כָּל־זָכָר בֶּאֱדוֹם
For it came to pass, when David was in Edom, and Joab the captain of the host was gone up to bury the slain, and had smitten every male in Edom--
Καὶ ἐγένετο ἐν τῷ ἐξολοθρεῦσαι Δαυὶδ τὸν Ἐδὼμ ἐν τῷ πορευθῆναι Ἰωὰβ ἄρχοντα τῆς στρατιᾶς θάπτειν τοὺς τραυματίας, καὶ ἔκοψαν πᾶν ἀρσενικὸν ἐν τῇ Ἰδουμαίᾳ·
And it happened, that while David was utterly destroying Edom, while Joab captain of the host was going to bury the dead, when they slew every male in Edom
16
כִּי שֵׁשֶׁת חֳדָשִׁים יָשַׁב־שָׁם יוֹאָב וְכָל־יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד־הִכְרִית כָּל־זָכָר בֶּאֱדוֹם
for Joab and all Israel remained there six months, until he had cut off every male in Edom--
ὅτι ἓξ μῆνας ἐνεκάθητο ἐκεῖ Ἰωὰβ καὶ πᾶς Ἰσραὴλ ἐν τῇ Ἰδουμαίᾳ, ἕως ὅτου ἐξωλόθρευσε πᾶν ἀρσενικὸν ἐν τῇ Ἰδουμαίᾳ·
(for Joab and all Israel abode there six months in Edom, until he utterly destroyed every male in Edom);
17
וַיִּבְרַח אֲדַד הוּא וַאֲנָשִׁים אֲדֹמִיִּים מֵעַבְדֵי אָבִיו אִתּוֹ לָבוֹא מִצְרָיִם וַהֲדַד נַעַר קָטָן
that Hadad fled, he and certain Edomites of his father's servants with him, to go into Egypt; Hadad being yet a little child.
Καὶ ἀπέδρα Ἄδερ αὐτὸς καὶ πάντες ἄνδρες Ἰδουμαῖοι τῶν παίδων τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ μετʼ αὐτοῦ, καὶ εἰσῆλθον εἰς Αἴγυπτον· καὶ Ἄδερ παιδάριον μικρόν.
that Hadad ran away, he and all the Edomites of the servants of his father with him; and they went into Egypt; and Hadad [was then] a little child.
18
וַיָּקֻמוּ מִמִּדְיָן וַיָּבֹאוּ פָּארָן וַיִּקְחוּ אֲנָשִׁים עִמָּם מִפָּארָן וַיָּבֹאוּ מִצְרַיִם אֶל־פַּרְעֹה מֶלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם וַיִּתֶּן־לוֹ בַיִת וְלֶחֶם אָמַר לוֹ וְאֶרֶץ נָתַן לוֹ
And they arose out of Midian, and came to Paran; and they took men with them out of Paran, and they came to Egypt, unto Pharaoh king of Egypt, who gave him a house, and appointed him victuals, and gave him land.
Καὶ ἀνίστανται ἄνδρες ἐκ τῆς πόλεως Μαδιὰμ, καὶ ἄρχονται εἰς Φαρὰν, καὶ λαμβάνουσιν ἄνδρας μεθʼ αὑτῶν, καὶ ἔρχονται πρὸς Φαραὼ βασιλέα Αἰγύπτου· καὶ εἰσῆλθεν Ἄδερ πρὸς Φαραὼ, καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ οἶκον, καὶ ἄρτους διέταξεν αὐτῷ.
And there rise up men out of the city of Midian, and they come to Paran, and take men with them, and come to Pharaoh king of Egypt: and Hadad went in to Pharaoh, and he gave him a house, and appointed him provision.
19
וַיִּמְצָא הֲדַד חֵן בְּעֵינֵי פַרְעֹה מְאֹד וַיִּתֶּן־לוֹ אִשָּׁה אֶת־אֲחוֹת אִשְׁתּוֹ אֲחוֹת תַּחְפְּנֵיס הַגְּבִירָה
And Hadad found great favour in the sight of Pharaoh, so that he gave him to wife the sister of his own wife, the sister of Tahpenes the queen.
Καὶ εὗρεν Ἄδερ χάριν ἐναντίον Φαραὼ σφόδρα, καὶ ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ γυναῖκα ἀδελφὴν τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ, ἀδελφὴν Θεκεμίνας μείζω. Καὶ ἔτεκεν αὐτῷ ἡ ἀδελφὴ Θεκεμίνας τῷ Ἄδερ τὸν Γανηβὰθ υἱὸν αὐτῆς·
And Hadad found great favor in the sight of Pharaoh, and he gave him his wife’s sister in marriage, the elder sister of Tahpenes.
20
וַתֵּלֶד לוֹ אֲחוֹת תַּחְפְּנֵיס אֵת גְּנֻבַת בְּנוֹ וַתִּגְמְלֵהוּ תַחְפְּנֵס בְּתוֹךְ בֵּית פַּרְעֹה וַיְהִי גְנֻבַת בֵּית פַּרְעֹה בְּתוֹךְ בְּנֵי פַרְעֹה
And the sister of Tahpenes bore him Genubath his son, whom Tahpenes weaned in Pharaoh's house; and Genubath was in Pharaoh's house among the sons of Pharaoh.
καὶ ἐξέθρεψεν αὐτὸν Θεκεμίνα ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Φαραώ· καὶ ἦν Γανηβὰθ ἐν μέσῳ υἱῶν Φαραώ.
And the sister of Tahpenes bore to him, [even] to Hadad, Genubath her son; and Tahpenes brought him up in the midst of the sons of Pharaoh, and Genubath was in the midst of the sons of Pharaoh.
21
וַהֲדַד שָׁמַע בְּמִצְרַיִם כִּי־שָׁכַב דָּוִד עִם־אֲבֹתָיו וְכִי־מֵת יוֹאָב שַׂר־הַצָּבָא וַיֹּאמֶר הֲדַד אֶל־פַּרְעֹה שַׁלְּחֵנִי וְאֵלֵךְ אֶל־אַרְצִי
And when Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers, and that Joab the captain of the host was dead, Hadad said to Pharaoh: 'Let me depart, that I may go to mine own country.'
Καὶ Ἄδερ ἤκουσεν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ὅτι κεκοίμηται Δαυὶδ μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, καὶ ὅτι τέθνηκεν Ἰωὰβ ὁ ἄρχων τῆς στρατιᾶς, καὶ εἶπεν Ἄδερ πρὸς Φαραὼ, ἐξαπόστειλόν με, καὶ ἀποστρέψω εἰς τὴν γῆν μου.
And Hadad heard in Egypt that David slept with his fathers, and that Joab the captain of the host was dead; and Hadad said to Pharaoh, Let me go, and I will return to my country.
22
וַיֹּאמֶר לוֹ פַרְעֹה כִּי מָה־אַתָּה חָסֵר עִמִּי וְהִנְּךָ מְבַקֵּשׁ לָלֶכֶת אֶל־אַרְצֶךָ וַיֹּאמֶר לֹא כִּי שַׁלֵּחַ תְּשַׁלְּחֵנִי
Then Pharaoh said unto him: `But what hast thou lacked with me, that, behold, thou seekest to go to thine own country?' And he answered: 'Nothing; howbeit let me depart in any wise.'
Καὶ εἶπε Φαραὼ τῷ Ἄδερ, τίνι σὺ ἐλαττονῇ μετʼ ἐμοῦ; καὶ ἰδοὺ σὺ ζητεῖς ἀπελθεῖν εἰς τὴν γῆν σου; καὶ εἶπεν αὐτῷ Ἄδερ, ὅτι ἐξαποστέλλων ἐξαποστελεῖς με· καὶ ἀνέστρεψεν Ἄδερ εἰς τὴν γῆν αὐτοῦ·
And Pharaoh said to Hadad, What lackest thou with me? that lo! thou seekest to depart to thy country? and Hadad said to him, By all means let me go. So Hadad returned to his country;
23
וַיָּקֶם אֱלֹהִים לוֹ שָׂטָן אֶת־רְזוֹן בֶּן־אֶלְיָדָע אֲשֶׁר בָּרַח מֵאֵת הֲדַדְעֶזֶר מֶלֶךְ־צוֹבָה אֲדֹנָיו
And G-d raised up another adversary unto him, Rezon the son of Eliada, who had fled from his lord Hadadezer king of Zobah.
24
וַיִּקְבֹּץ עָלָיו אֲנָשִׁים וַיְהִי שַׂר־גְּדוּד בַּהֲרֹג דָּוִד אֹתָם וַיֵּלְכוּ דַמֶּשֶׂק וַיֵּשְׁבוּ בָהּ וַיִּמְלְכוּ בְּדַמָּשֶׂק
And he gathered men unto him, and became captain over a troop, when David slew them of Zobah; and they went to Damascus, and dwelt therein, and reigned in Damascus.
25
וַיְהִי שָׂטָן לְיִשְׂרָאֵל כָּל־יְמֵי שְׁלֹמֹה וְאֶת־הָרָעָה אֲשֶׁר הֲדָד וַיָּקָץ בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וַיִּמְלֹךְ עַל־אֲרָם
And he was an adversary to Israel all the days of Solomon, beside the mischief that Hadad did; and he abhorred Israel, and reigned over Aram.
αὕτη ἡ κακία ἣν ἐποίησεν Ἄδερ· καὶ ἐβαρυθύμησεν Ἰσραὴλ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν ἐν τῇ Ἐδώμ.
this [is] the mischief which Hadad did, and he was a bitter enemy of Israel, and he reigned in the land of Edom.
26
וְיָרָבְעָם בֶּן־נְבָט אֶפְרָתִי מִן־הַצְּרֵדָה וְשֵׁם אִמּוֹ צְרוּעָה אִשָּׁה אַלְמָנָה עֶבֶד לִשְׁלֹמֹה וַיָּרֶם יָד בַּמֶּלֶךְ
And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an Ephraimite of Zeredah, a servant of Solomon, whose mother's name was Zeruah, a widow, he also lifted up his hand against the king.
Καὶ Ἱεροβοὰμ υἱὸς Ναβὰτ ὁ Ἐφραθὶ ἐκ τῆς Σαριρὰ, υἱὸς γυναικὸς χήρας, δοῦλος Σαλωμών.
And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, the Ephraimite of Zeredah, the son of a widow, [was] servant of Solomon.
27
וְזֶה הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר־הֵרִים יָד בַּמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה בָּנָה אֶת־הַמִּלּוֹא סָגַר אֶת־פֶּרֶץ עִיר דָּוִד אָבִיו
And this was the cause that he lifted up his hand against the king: Solomon built Millo, and repaired the breach of the city of David his father.
Καὶ τοῦτο τὸ πρᾶγμα ὡς ἐπῇρατο χεῖρας ἐπὶ βασιλέα Σαλωμών· καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμὼν ᾠκοδόμησε τὴν ἄκραν, συνέκλεισε τὸν φραγμὸν τῆς πόλεως Δαυὶδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ.
And this [was] the occasion of his lifting up [his] hands against King Solomon: now King Solomon built the citadel, he completed the fortification of the city of David his father.
28
וְהָאִישׁ יָרָבְעָם גִּבּוֹר חָיִל וַיַּרְא שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת־הַנַּעַר כִּי־עֹשֵׂה מְלָאכָה הוּא וַיַּפְקֵד אֹתוֹ לְכָל־סֵבֶל בֵּית יוֹסֵף
And the man Jeroboam was a mighty man of valour; and Solomon saw the young man that he was industrious, and he gave him charge over all the labour of the house of Joseph.
Καὶ ὁ ἄνθρωπος Ἱεροβοὰμ ἰσχυρὸς δυνάμει· καὶ εἶδε Σαλωμὼν τὸ παιδάριον ὅτι ἀνὴρ ἔργων ἐστὶ, καὶ κατέστησεν αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὰς ἄρσεις οἴκου Ἰωσήφ.
And the man Jeroboam was very strong; and Solomon saw the young man that he was active, and he set him over the levies of the house of Joseph.
29
וַיְהִי בָּעֵת הַהִיא וְיָרָבְעָם יָצָא מִירוּשָׁלָ͏ִם וַיִּמְצָא אֹתוֹ אֲחִיָּה הַשִּׁילֹנִי הַנָּבִיא בַּדֶּרֶךְ וְהוּא מִתְכַּסֶּה בְּשַׂלְמָה חֲדָשָׁה וּשְׁנֵיהֶם לְבַדָּם בַּשָּׂדֶה
And it came to pass at that time, when Jeroboam went out of Jerusalem, that the prophet Ahijah the Shilonite found him in the way; now Ahijah had clad himself with a new garment; and they two were alone in the field.
Καὶ ἐγενήθη ἐν τῷ καιρῷ ἐκείνῳ, καὶ Ἱεροβοὰμ ἐξῆλθεν ἐξ Ἱερουσαλὴμ, καὶ εὗρεν αὐτὸν Ἀχιὰ ὁ Σηλωνίτης ὁ προφήτης ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ, καὶ ἀπέστησεν αὐτὸν ἐκ τῆς ὁδοῦ· καὶ Ἀχιὰ περιβεβλημένος ἱματίῳ καινῷ, καὶ ἀμφότεροι μόνοι ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ.
And it came to pass at that time, that Jeroboam went forth from Jerusalem, and Ahijah the Shilonite the prophet found him in the way, and caused him to turn aside out of the way: and Ahijah was clad with a new garment, and they two [were] alone in the field.
30
וַיִּתְפֹּשׂ אֲחִיָּה בַּשַּׂלְמָה הַחֲדָשָׁה אֲשֶׁר עָלָיו וַיִּקְרָעֶהָ שְׁנֵים עָשָׂר קְרָעִים
And Ahijah laid hold of the new garment that was on him, and rent it in twelve pieces.
Καὶ ἐπελάβετο Ἀχιὰ τοῦ ἱματίου αὐτοῦ τοῦ καινοῦ τοῦ ἐπʼ αὐτῷ, καὶ διέῤῥηξεν αὐτὸ δώδεκα ῥήγματα,
And Ahijah laid hold of his new garment that was upon him, and tore it [into] twelve pieces:
31
וַיֹּאמֶר לְיָרָבְעָם קַח־לְךָ עֲשָׂרָה קְרָעִים כִּי כֹה אָמַר יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל הִנְנִי קֹרֵעַ אֶת־הַמַּמְלָכָה מִיַּד שְׁלֹמֹה וְנָתַתִּי לְךָ אֵת עֲשָׂרָה הַשְּׁבָטִים
And he said to Jeroboam: 'Take thee ten pieces; for thus saith HaShem, the G-d of Israel: Behold, I will rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give ten tribes to thee--
καὶ εἶπε τῷ Ἱεροβοὰμ, λάβε σεαυτῷ δέκα ῥήγματα, ὅτι τάδε λέγει Κύριος ὁ Θεὸς Ἰσραὴλ, ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ ῥήσσω τὴν βασιλείαν ἐκ χειρὸς Σαλωμὼν, καὶ δώσω σοι δέκα σκῆπτρα.
and he said to Jeroboam, Take to thyself ten pieces, for thus saith the Lord God of Israel, Behold, I rend the kingdom out of the hand of Solomon, and will give thee ten tribes.
32
וְהַשֵּׁבֶט הָאֶחָד יִהְיֶה־לּוֹ לְמַעַן עַבְדִּי דָוִד וּלְמַעַן יְרוּשָׁלִַם הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתִּי בָהּ מִכֹּל שִׁבְטֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל
but he shall have one tribe, for My servant David's sake, and for Jerusalem's sake, the city which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel--
Καὶ δύο σκῆπτρα ἔσονται αὐτῷ διὰ τὸν δοῦλόν μου Δαυὶδ, καὶ διὰ Ἱερουσαλὴμ τὴν πόλιν ἣν ἐξελεξάμην ἐν αὐτῇ ἐκ πασῶν φυλῶν Ἰσραήλ.
Yet he shall have two tribes, for my servant David’s sake, and for the sake of Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen out of all the tribes of Israel.
33
יַעַן אֲשֶׁר עֲזָבוּנִי וַיִּשְׁתַּחֲווּ לְעַשְׁתֹּרֶת אֱלֹהֵי צִדֹנִין לִכְמוֹשׁ אֱלֹהֵי מוֹאָב וּלְמִלְכֹּם אֱלֹהֵי בְנֵי־עַמּוֹן וְלֹא־הָלְכוּ בִדְרָכַי לַעֲשׂוֹת הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינַי וְחֻקֹּתַי וּמִשְׁפָּטַי כְּדָוִד אָבִיו
because that they have forsaken Me, and have worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh the god of Moab, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon; and they have not walked in My ways, to do that which is right in Mine eyes, and to keep My statutes and Mine ordinances, as did David his father.
Ἀνθʼ ὧν ἐγκατέλιπέ με, καὶ ἐποίησε τῇ Ἀστάρτῃ βδελύγματι Σιδωνίων, καὶ τῷ Χαμὼς, καὶ τοῖς εἰδώλοις Μωὰβ, καὶ τῷ βασιλεῖ αὐτῶν προσοχθίσματι υἱῶν Ἀμμὼν, καὶ οὐκ ἐπορεύθη ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς μου τοῦ ποιῆσαι τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ, ὡς Δαυὶδ ὁ πατὴρ αὐτοῦ.
Because he forsook me, and sacrificed to Ashtoreth the abomination of the Sidonians, and to Chemosh, and to the idols of Moab, and to their king the abomination of the children of Ammon, and he walked not in my ways, to do that which was right before me, as David his father [did].
34
וְלֹא־אֶקַּח אֶת־כָּל־הַמַּמְלָכָה מִיָּדוֹ כִּי נָשִׂיא אֲשִׁתֶנּוּ כֹּל יְמֵי חַיָּיו לְמַעַן דָּוִד עַבְדִּי אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתִּי אֹתוֹ אֲשֶׁר שָׁמַר מִצְוֺתַי וְחֻקֹּתָי
Howbeit I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand; but I will make him prince all the days of his life, for David My servant's sake, whom I chose, because he kept My commandments and My statutes;
Καὶ οὐ μὴ λάβω τὴν βασιλείαν ὅλην ἐκ χειρὸς αὐτοῦ, διότι ἀντιτασσόμενος ἀντιτάξομαι αὐτῳ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας τῆς ζωῆς αὐτοῦ, διὰ τὸν Δαυὶδ τὸν δοῦλόν μου ὃν ἐξελεξάμην αὐτόν.
Howbeit I will not take the whole kingdom out of his hand (for I will certainly resist him all the days of his life), for David my servant’s sake, whom I have chosen.
35
וְלָקַחְתִּי הַמְּלוּכָה מִיַּד בְּנוֹ וּנְתַתִּיהָ לְּךָ אֵת עֲשֶׂרֶת הַשְּׁבָטִים
but I will take the kingdom out of his son's hand, and will give it unto thee, even ten tribes.
Καὶ λήψομαι τὴν βασιλείαν ἐκ χειρὸς τοῦ υἱοῦ αὐτοῦ, καὶ δώσω σοι τὰ δέκα σκῆπτρα.
But I will take the kingdom out of the hand of his son, and give thee ten tribes.
36
וְלִבְנוֹ אֶתֵּן שֵׁבֶט־אֶחָד לְמַעַן הֱיוֹת־נִיר לְדָוִיד־עַבְדִּי כָּל־הַיָּמִים לְפָנַי בִּירוּשָׁלִַם הָעִיר אֲשֶׁר בָּחַרְתִּי לִי לָשׂוּם שְׁמִי שָׁם
And unto his son will I give one tribe, that David My servant may have a lamp alway before Me in Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen Me to put My name there.
Τῷ δὲ υἱῷ αὐτοῦ δώσω τὰ δύο σκῆπτρα, ὅπως ᾖ θέσις τῷ δούλῳ μου Δαυὶδ πάσας τὰς ἡμέρας ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ ἐν Ἱερουσαλὴμ τῇ πόλει, ἣν ἐξελεξάμην ἐμαυτῷ τοῦ θέσθαι τὸ ὄνομά μου ἐκεῖ.
But to his son I will give the two [remaining] tribes, that my servant David may have an establishment continually before me in Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen for myself to put my name there.
37
וְאֹתְךָ אֶקַּח וּמָלַכְתָּ בְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר־תְּאַוֶּה נַפְשֶׁךָ וְהָיִיתָ מֶּלֶךְ עַל־יִשְׂרָאֵל
And I will take thee, and thou shalt reign over all that thy soul desireth, and shalt be king over Israel.
Καὶ σὲ λήψομαι, καὶ βασιλεύσεις ἐν οἷς ἐπιθυμεῖ ἡ ψυχή σου, καὶ σὺ ἔσῃ βασιλεὺς ἐπὶ τὸν Ἰσραήλ.
And I will take thee, and thou shalt reign as thy soul desires, and thou shalt be king over Israel.
38
וְהָיָה אִם־תִּשְׁמַע אֶת־כָּל־אֲשֶׁר אֲצַוֶּךָ וְהָלַכְתָּ בִדְרָכַי וְעָשִׂיתָ הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינַי לִשְׁמוֹר חֻקּוֹתַי וּמִצְוֺתַי כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה דָּוִד עַבְדִּי וְהָיִיתִי עִמָּךְ וּבָנִיתִי לְךָ בַיִת־נֶאֱמָן כַּאֲשֶׁר בָּנִיתִי לְדָוִד וְנָתַתִּי לְךָ אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל
And it shall be, if thou wilt hearken unto all that I command thee, and wilt walk in My ways, and do that which is right in Mine eyes, to keep My statutes and My commandments, as David My servant did, that I will be with thee, and will build thee a sure house, as I built for David, and will give Israel unto thee.
Καὶ ἔσται ἐὰν φυλάξῃς πάντα ὅσα ἂν ἐντείλωμαί σοι, καὶ πορευθῇς ἐν ταῖς ὁδοῖς μου, καὶ ποιήσῃς τὸ εὐθὲς ἐνώπιον ἐμοῦ, τοῦ φυλάξασθαι τὰ προστάγματά μου καὶ τὰς ἐντολάς μου, καθὼς ἐποίησε Δαυὶδ ὁ δοῦλός μου, καὶ ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ καὶ οἰκοδομήσω σοι οἶκον πιστὸν, καθὼς ᾠκοδόμησα τῷ Δαυίδ.
And it shall come to pass, if thou wilt keep all the commandments that I shall give thee, and wilt walk in my ways, and do that which is right before me, to keep my ordinances and my commandments, as David my servant did, that I will be with thee, and will build thee a sure house, as I built to David.
39
וַאעַנֶּה אֶת־זֶרַע דָּוִד לְמַעַן זֹאת אַךְ לֹא כָל־הַיָּמִים
And I will for this afflict the seed of David, but not for ever.'
40
וַיְבַקֵּשׁ שְׁלֹמֹה לְהָמִית אֶת־יָרָבְעָם וַיָּקָם יָרָבְעָם וַיִּבְרַח מִצְרַיִם אֶל־שִׁישַׁק מֶלֶךְ־מִצְרַיִם וַיְהִי בְמִצְרַיִם עַד־מוֹת שְׁלֹמֹה
Solomon sought therefore to kill Jeroboam; but Jeroboam arose, and fled into Egypt, unto Shishak king of Egypt, and was in Egypt until the death of Solomon.
Καὶ ἐζήτησε Σαλωμὼν θανατῶσαι τὸν Ἱεροβοάμ· καὶ ἀνέστη καὶ ἀπέδρα εἰς Αἴγυπτον πρὸς Σουσακὶμ βασιλέα Αἰγύπτου, καὶ ἦν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ἕως οὗ ἀπέθανε Σαλωμών.
And Solomon sought to slay Jeroboam: but he arose and fled into Egypt, to Shishak king of Egypt, and he was in Egypt until Solomon died.
41
וְיֶתֶר דִּבְרֵי שְׁלֹמֹה וְכָל־אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וְחָכְמָתוֹ הֲלוֹא־הֵם כְּתֻבִים עַל־סֵפֶר דִּבְרֵי שְׁלֹמֹה
Now the rest of the acts of Solomon, and all that he did, and his wisdom, are they not written in the book of the acts of Solomon?
Καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν λόγων Σαλωμὼν, καὶ πάντα ὅσα ἐποίησε, καὶ πᾶσαν τὴν φρόνησιν αὐτοῦ, οὐκ ἰδοὺ ταῦτα γέγραπται ἐν βιβλίῳ ῥημάτων Σαλωμών;
And the rest of the history of Solomon, and all that he did, and all his wisdom, behold are not these things written in the book of the life of Solomon?
42
וְהַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר מָלַךְ שְׁלֹמֹה בִירוּשָׁלִַם עַל־כָּל־יִשְׂרָאֵל אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה
And the time that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel was forty years.
Καὶ αἱ ἡμέραι ἃς ἐβασίλευε Σαλωμὼν ἐν Ἱερουσαλὴμ ἐπὶ πάντα Ἰσραὴλ τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη.
And the days [during] which Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel [were] forty years.
43
וַיִּשְׁכַּב שְׁלֹמֹה עִם־אֲבֹתָיו וַיִּקָּבֵר בְּעִיר דָּוִד אָבִיו וַיִּמְלֹךְ רְחַבְעָם בְּנוֹ תַּחְתָּיו
And Solomon slept with his fathers, and was buried in the city of David his father; and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead.
Καὶ ἐκοιμήθη Σαλωμὼν μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἔθαψαν αὐτὸν ἐν πόλει Δαυὶδ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ· καὶ ἐγενήθη ὡς ἤκουσεν Ἱεροβοὰμ υἱὸς Ναβὰτ, καὶ αὐτοῦ ἔτι ὄντος ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ὡς ἔφυγεν ἐκ προσώπου Σαλωμὼν καὶ ἐκάθητο ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, κατευθύνει καὶ ἔρχεται εἰς τὴν πόλιν αὐτοῦ εἰς τὴν γῆν Σαριρὰ τὴν ἐν ὄρει Ἐφραίμ. Καὶ ὁ βασιλεὺς Σαλωμὼν ἐκοιμήθη μετὰ τῶν πατέρων αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἐβασίλευσε Ῥοβοὰμ ὁ υἱὸς αὐτοῦ ἀντʼ αὐτοῦ.
And Solomon slept with his fathers, and they buried him in the city of David his father. And it came to pass when Jeroboam son of Nebat heard [of it], even while he was yet in Egypt as he fled from the face of Solomon and dwelt in Egypt, he straightaway comes into his own city, into the land of Zeredah in the mount of Ephraim. And King Solomon slept with his fathers, and Rehoboam his son reigned in his stead.

How it works

A parallel reader for the Hebrew Bible and its oldest witnesses: the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Septuagint, each with an English translation where one is available.

Reading a chapter

Choose a book and chapter at the top, or type a reference into Go to (Isa 53:11, 1 Sam 3, sam 3:4, ii kgs 2, ben sira 51). Book names can be abbreviated; a name shared by numbered books (sam, kings, chr, macc) opens the first of them unless you add the number. The arrow keys move between chapters, and the address bar keeps a link to the verse you clicked, so you can bookmark or share a place.

Each row is one verse. Rows follow the Masoretic verse numbering, so the Hebrew, JPS and Samaritan columns line up exactly. The Septuagint is numbered differently in many places (Psalms, Jeremiah, Exodus 35–40, parts of Kings, Proverbs, Daniel, and dozens of chapter boundaries). Its verses are placed against their Masoretic counterparts, and a small tag such as 50:3 shows the Septuagint's own number when it differs. Greek verses that have no Masoretic counterpart (for example the Prayer of Azariah in Daniel 3) appear in reading order as separate rows marked LXX.

Columns

The chips at the top switch columns on and off. Drag a chip (or a column heading) to reorder; with a chip focused, the ← → keys move it. Your choice is remembered. The Samaritan columns appear only in Genesis–Deuteronomy; the scrolls column appears wherever a manuscript survives, including Ben Sira. Columns marked † are licensed for non-commercial use only.

Words: lexicon and concordance

Hover over any Hebrew word (Masoretic, Samaritan or scroll) or any Greek word to see its dictionary form, Strong's number, a short gloss and its grammar. Click the word to open the concordance on the right: the full lexicon entry, then every occurrence, grouped by book — for Hebrew, separately for the Masoretic text, the Samaritan Pentateuch and the scrolls (with the manuscript named). Click a reference to go there; every form of the word in the chapter is highlighted. You can also type a word or a Strong's number into Lexicon at the top.

In the Masoretic text, a Ketiv (the written form, unpointed) is shown in grey immediately before its Qere (the form read aloud); both carry the Qere's dictionary entry.

Variants

The Samaritan Pentateuch and every scroll are compared word by word with the Masoretic text of the same verse:

In the scrolls, letters in brackets are a modern editor's reconstruction and are never counted as variants; letters with a dotted overline are uncertain; ◦ is a trace of an unreadable letter. Manuscripts written in paleo-Hebrew script, and divine names that square-script scrolls write in paleo-Hebrew, are shown in paleo-Hebrew letters (switchable under Display). Hover a manuscript to see its edition. Display → Dead Sea Scrolls can hide the manuscripts that agree with the Masoretic text, or strip the reconstructions to show only what survives.

The comparison is automatic. It aligns words by spelling, so a transposition or a long rewritten passage can be marked imperfectly, and the spelling rule cannot tell a suffix from a vowel letter. Treat the colours as a finding aid and check a critical edition before building an argument on a reading.

Books outside the Hebrew Bible

Besides the Septuagint-only books, the book list has 1 Enoch and Jubilees (“Other ancient books”), shown in R. H. Charles's English with the Qumran copies beside them, and Psalms has a chapter 151. Their scroll copies — like those of Tobit and Ben Sira — have no verse numbers in the data: each fragment is placed by its published identification, and its lines are spread over those verses, so treat the exact verse boundaries as approximate. Aramaic copies (Tobit 4Q196–199 and all of Enoch) are marked “Aramaic” and have no word lookups.

Rabbinic citations

The small ❝ under a verse number opens the passages of rabbinic literature that cite that verse — Mishnah, Tosefta, both Talmuds, Midrash, Targum and Kabbalah (and, if you tick the box, later halakhah, liturgy and thought) — fetched live from Sefaria, so it needs an internet connection. Each passage is listed with Sefaria's date for the work it comes from and a link to read it there. Sefaria's links include allusions and discussions as well as quotations; those it classes as quotations are marked. It works for the Hebrew Bible, Ben Sira (by Kahana's numbering, e.g. the Talmud's quotations of Ben Sira), Tobit and Jubilees. For 1 Enoch, which the rabbis do not quote, it lists instead the Zohar's passages about a “Book of Enoch”.

How the Septuagint is aligned

Each Greek verse is placed by combining three things: the standard table of Septuagint–Masoretic verse correspondences (SIL's lxx.vrs), the table of Masoretic–English numbering differences, and a comparison of the English of Brenton's Septuagint with the JPS English, which confirms each pairing and catches displaced verses. Where no Masoretic verse is similar enough, the Greek verse stands on its own row.

The Greek word data

No openly licensed word-by-word analysis of Brenton's Greek exists, so each Greek word is matched to the most frequent analysis of the same form in the openly licensed Swete Septuagint (Morpheus parser), then to a lexicon entry. About 95% of words are identified. Parses of ambiguous forms (e.g. αὐτοῦ, τοῦ) can be wrong; the card says "automatic parse" as a reminder.

About the texts

What each column is, where it comes from, and what to keep in mind when reading it.

Masoretic Text — Westminster Leningrad Codex

The Masoretic text is the Hebrew Bible as transmitted by the Masoretes, scribal scholars active in Tiberias and elsewhere roughly from the 7th to the 10th century, who fixed its vowel points, accents and marginal notes (the Masorah) around a consonantal text that was already essentially stable by the 1st–2nd century CE. The Leningrad Codex (St Petersburg, Firkovich I B 19 A), copied in 1008/1009 CE in the Ben Asher tradition, is the oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible; the slightly older Aleppo Codex lost most of the Torah in 1947. It is the base of the standard critical editions (BHK, BHS, BHQ).

The Westminster Leningrad Codex is the public-domain digital transcription of it maintained by the J. Alan Groves Center at Westminster Theological Seminary. In this edition a Ketiv appears as its own unpointed word before the pointed Qere.

JPS 1917 — The Holy Scriptures according to the Masoretic Text

The first English Bible translation produced by a committee of Jewish scholars for the Jewish Publication Society of America, under Max L. Margolis as editor-in-chief, published in 1917. Its language deliberately follows the cadence of the King James and Revised Versions, but its renderings follow the Masoretic text and Jewish exegetical tradition, and it keeps the Hebrew chapter and verse numbering. It is in the public domain; its successor, the New JPS (Tanakh, 1985), is not. The electronic edition used here writes the divine names as “HaShem” and “G-d”.

Septuagint — Brenton's Greek text and the Updated Brenton English

The Septuagint is the Jewish translation of the Hebrew scriptures into Greek. The Torah was translated in Alexandria in the 3rd century BCE (the Letter of Aristeas tells the legend of 72 translators under Ptolemy II); the other books followed over the next two centuries. Because it was made from Hebrew manuscripts older than the Masoretic text, it often preserves a different Hebrew text: Jeremiah is about one-seventh shorter and differently ordered (a shorter Hebrew text of this type survives at Qumran in 4QJerb,d), Job is about one-sixth shorter, and Esther and Daniel have long additions. It was the Bible of Philo, Josephus and the New Testament writers, and became the Old Testament of the Greek church, which in turn led Jewish translators (Aquila, Symmachus, Theodotion) to produce closer revisions.

Sir Lancelot C. L. Brenton published an English translation in 1844 and a Greek–English edition in 1851. His Greek is essentially the Sixtine (Roman) edition of 1587, which follows the 4th-century Codex Vaticanus. It is older and less critical than the modern editions of Rahlfs (1935) and Göttingen, which are under copyright. The English column is the Updated Brenton (Adam Boyd, 2020), Brenton's translation with modernised spelling and wording, dedicated to the public domain.

Samaritan Pentateuch †

The Torah as preserved by the Samaritan community of Mount Gerizim (Nablus), written in the Samaritan script, a descendant of the paleo-Hebrew alphabet. It differs from the Masoretic text in about 6,000 places, most of them spelling or grammar; in about 1,900 of them it agrees with the Septuagint. Some readings are distinctively Samaritan, above all the commandment to build an altar on Mount Gerizim added after the Ten Commandments (Exod 20:17; Deut 5:21) and “Gerizim” for “Ebal” in Deut 27:4. Many others — harmonising expansions that copy one passage into its parallel — are shared with “pre-Samaritan” Qumran manuscripts such as 4QpaleoExodm and 4QNumb, showing that the text type is older than the Samaritan schism.

European scholars learned of it in 1616, when Pietro della Valle brought a manuscript from Damascus; it was printed in the Paris (1645) and London (1657) Polyglots, collated by Benjamin Kennicott (1776–80) and edited critically by August von Gall (1914–18). The Hebrew here is Aleksandr Sigalov's digital text, based on Kennicott and checked against von Gall; the English is Sigalov's adaptation of the King James Version to the Samaritan readings. For modern scholarship see Abraham Tal's edition of MS Shechem 6 and Stefan Schorch's critical editio maior.

Dead Sea Scrolls and other Judean Desert manuscripts †

Between 1947 and 1956 the remains of about 950 manuscripts were found in eleven caves near Khirbet Qumran. Some 230 are biblical — every book of the Hebrew Bible except Esther is represented, from tiny fragments to the complete Great Isaiah Scroll (1QIsaa) — dating from about 250 BCE to 68 CE. They are a thousand years older than the Leningrad Codex. Most are close to the ancestor of the Masoretic text (“proto-Masoretic”), but others agree with the Septuagint (4QJerb, 4QSama in places), with the Samaritan text type, or with neither — evidence that several forms of the text circulated side by side before the Masoretic text prevailed.

Manuscripts from other sites fill out the picture: Masada (before its fall in 73/74 CE; excavated by Yigael Yadin, 1963–65) and the Bar Kokhba refuges of Wadi Murabba'at and Naḥal Ḥever (132–135 CE), whose biblical texts are already virtually identical with the Masoretic text, as well as Naḥal Ṣe'elim, Wadi Sdeir and Naḥal Arugot. The official publication is the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert series (Oxford, 1955–2010).

The transcriptions here are those of Martin G. Abegg Jr., James E. Bowley and Edward M. Cook, as converted by the Eep Talstra Centre for Bible and Computer (ETCBC). Each manuscript is labelled with its siglum (e.g. 4QIsad), its DJD number, its find-site and the column or fragment and line. Besides the biblical manuscripts, the copies of Ben Sira, Tobit, 1 Enoch, Jubilees and Psalm 151 are shown under those books. Not every manuscript is in the dataset — notably the Greek scrolls (such as the Greek Minor Prophets from Naḥal Ḥever) are absent, and the Masada Ben Sira scroll is added separately (see Ben Sira).

Ben Sira

The Wisdom of Yeshua ben Eleazar ben Sira, composed in Hebrew in Jerusalem around 190–180 BCE and translated into Greek by his grandson in Egypt after 132 BCE (his prologue explains the difficulty of rendering Hebrew into Greek). It belongs to the Septuagint and to the Catholic and Orthodox canons (Latin Ecclesiasticus) but not to the Jewish one, although the Talmud and midrash quote it. Its Hebrew text was lost to the West until 1896, when Solomon Schechter, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson identified medieval copies in the Cairo Genizah; ancient Hebrew copies then emerged at Qumran and Masada.

About two-thirds of the Hebrew is now known, from six medieval Genizah manuscripts (A–F, 10th–12th century) and three ancient ones: 2QSir (2Q18; Sir 6:14–15, 20–32), the acrostic of Sir 51:13–20, 30 in the Psalms Scroll 11QPsa (columns 21–22), and the Masada scroll (Mas1h), found by Yigael Yadin in 1964 in a casemate room of the fortress and published in 1965: seven columns with Sir 39:27–44:17, copied in the early 1st century BCE, little more than a century after the author. Its agreement with Genizah manuscript B showed that the medieval copies descend from the ancient Hebrew rather than from a translation back from Greek or Syriac.

Here the book is shown in Brenton's Greek and English. The Hebrew column is the Kahana edition, as transcribed on Hebrew Wikisource and distributed by Sefaria (CC BY-SA): a running text built on the Genizah manuscripts, in which words in [brackets] are Kahana's restorations; chapters with no surviving Hebrew are empty. Kahana numbers the verses in the Hebrew order — in the Greek, two blocks of chapters 30–36 are transposed — so his verses have been matched to Brenton's by content for this site, with his own number shown as “Heb.” where it differs. The scrolls column has the three ancient witnesses; the Masada text is Eric Reymond's transcription from bensira.org. Their placement was made for this site by matching the text; there is no Masoretic text to compare them with, so no variants are marked.

Psalm 151

The Septuagint Psalter ends with a short psalm “outside the number”, in which David recalls tending his father's sheep, his anointing and his victory over Goliath. It belongs to the Greek, Syriac and Ethiopic Bibles but not to the Hebrew one, and was long thought to have been composed in Greek — until the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 (11QPsa, published by James Sanders in 1965) turned out to contain a longer Hebrew original in its 28th column, as two poems (151A on David's music and anointing, 151B, broken off, on Goliath). The Greek is a condensed translation of them. The psalm is shown as chapter 151 of Psalms, with the scroll's lines under the Greek verses they correspond to.

Tobit

A Jewish novella of the Eastern diaspora (probably 3rd–2nd century BCE): the pious exile Tobit, blinded in Nineveh, sends his son Tobias to recover money in Media, guided by the angel Raphael in disguise; on the way Tobias marries Sarah and drives off the demon Asmodeus. It is in the Septuagint and the Catholic and Orthodox canons. It survives in two Greek forms — a shorter one (Codices Vaticanus and Alexandrinus, printed by Brenton) and a longer one (Codex Sinaiticus) — and the Qumran copies, four in Aramaic (4Q196–199) and one in Hebrew (4Q200), published by Joseph Fitzmyer in 1995, side with the longer form, which is now generally taken as nearer the original. Their verse placement here follows Fitzmyer's identifications.

1 Enoch

A collection of five works ascribed to Enoch, the seventh from Adam who “walked with God” (Gen 5:24): the Book of the Watchers (ch. 1–36, 3rd century BCE), on the angels who descended to the daughters of men; the Parables (37–71); the Astronomical Book (72–82); the Dream Visions (83–90), with the “Animal Apocalypse” of Israel's history; and the Epistle of Enoch (91–108). It is quoted in the Letter of Jude (1:14–15) and is canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; Greek survives for about a third. Józef Milik published the Aramaic fragments from Qumran Cave 4 in 1976: eleven copies, covering every part except the Parables, the oldest from around 200 BCE. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation from the Ethiopic (public domain). The Astronomical scrolls (4Q208–211) contain a much longer calendar than the Ethiopic; only their few passages that match chapters 76–82 are placed.

Jubilees

A retelling of Genesis and Exodus 1–14 as revealed to Moses on Sinai by an “angel of the presence”, dated by a calendar of 49-year jubilees and a 364-day solar year (mid-2nd century BCE). Like 1 Enoch it is canonical only in the Ethiopian church, whose Ge'ez version is the only complete text; parts survive in Latin, Syriac and Greek quotations. Fragments of about fifteen Hebrew copies were found at Qumran, more than of most biblical books, and are published in DJD 13 (VanderKam and Milik, 1994) and DJD 23. The English is R. H. Charles's 1917 translation (public domain).

Lexicon and concordance data

Hebrew words carry the analysis of STEPBible's Translators Amalgamated Hebrew OT (Tyndale House, Cambridge): extended Strong's numbers — James Strong's 1890 numbering, subdivided to follow the Brown–Driver–Briggs lexicon (1906) — with morphology from the ETCBC and an abridged BDB for definitions. Samaritan and scroll words take the analysis of the Masoretic word they correspond to, or, where they differ, of the same written form elsewhere in the Masoretic text. Greek words are matched through the Swete Septuagint and the Morpheus parser to STEPBible's Greek lexicon, which draws on Abbott-Smith (1922) and Liddell–Scott–Jones.

† Licensed for non-commercial use only. Full credits and licences: Credits and licences.